Objective:To investigate the differences in electroencephalographic (EEG) microstate characteristics between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children, and to explore the correlation between irritability and EEG microstate features in ASD children.Methods:A total of 104 children with ASD [ASD group, 83 boys, 21 girls; aged 4-13 years, mean age (9.47±1.74)years] from the Autism Cohort of Nanjing Medical University and 60 TD children [TD group; 50 boys, 10 girls; aged 5-13 years, mean age(9.86±1.78) years ]from the IEEE Dataport database were enrolled. Irritability severity was assessed using the Affective Reactivity Index-Parent (ARI-P). Resting-state EEG data with eyes closed were recorded using a 24-channel dry-electrode EEG cap. Group-level EEG microstate topographic maps and microstate parameters, including mean duration, frequency, and time coverage, were extracted and compared between groups using nonparametric tests. In the ASD group, Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the associations between microstate features and ARI-P in ASD children. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of irritability.Results:Four group-level microstates (A, B, C, D) were identified in both groups. Compared to TD children, ASD children exhibited significantly longer mean duration for all microstates, in microstates A[ M(Q1, Q3)]: 0.060 (0.054,0.070) vs 0.091 (0.0530, 0.155) s, microstate B: 0.059 (0.050, 0.066) vs 0.087 (0.057,0.149) s, microstate C: 0.059 (0.050, 0.066) vs 0.095 (0.056, 0.183) s and microstate D: 0.055 (0.049,0.075) vs 0.095 (0.053,0.162) s ( Z=-3.51, -4.89, -4.71, -4.21; all P<0.001); However, microstate occurrence frequencies were significantly lower in the ASD group: A: 5.423 (3.640,21.024) vs 1.834 (1.327,3.395) Hz, microstate B: 4.949 (3.439,20.038) vs 2.146 (1.314,3.834) Hz, microstate C: 5.888 (3.998,22.078) vs 2.234 (1.441,3.768) Hz and microstate D: 5.371 (3.170,15.208) vs 2.074 (1.147,3.582) Hz ( Z=-7.72, -6.41, -7.85, -6.60; all P<0.001). In the ASD group, ARI-P scores were positively correlated with the mean duration of microstates B, C, and D ( r=0.28, 0.26, 0.33; all P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the occurrence frequency of microstates A, C, and D ( r=-0.26, -0.27, -0.21; all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the mean duration of microstate B was a significant predictor of irritability severity ( β=0.436, 95% CI: 1.260-4.202, P<0.001). Conclusion:Resting-state EEG microstate characteristics in Children with ASD differ from those in TD children and are associated with the severity of irritability. Prolonged duration of microstate B may serve as a risk factor for increased irritability in children with ASD.

Objective:To investigate the differences in electroencephalographic (EEG) microstate characteristics between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children, and to explore the correlation between irritability and EEG microstate features in ASD children.Methods:A total of 104 children with ASD [ASD group, 83 boys, 21 girls; aged 4-13 years, mean age (9.47±1.74)years] from the Autism Cohort of Nanjing Medical University and 60 TD children [TD group; 50 boys, 10 girls; aged 5-13 years, mean age(9.86±1.78) years ]from the IEEE Dataport database were enrolled. Irritability severity was assessed using the Affective Reactivity Index-Parent (ARI-P). Resting-state EEG data with eyes closed were recorded using a 24-channel dry-electrode EEG cap. Group-level EEG microstate topographic maps and microstate parameters, including mean duration, frequency, and time coverage, were extracted and compared between groups using nonparametric tests. In the ASD group, Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the associations between microstate features and ARI-P in ASD children. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of irritability.Results:Four group-level microstates (A, B, C, D) were identified in both groups. Compared to TD children, ASD children exhibited significantly longer mean duration for all microstates, in microstates A[ M(Q1, Q3)]: 0.060 (0.054,0.070) vs 0.091 (0.0530, 0.155) s, microstate B: 0.059 (0.050, 0.066) vs 0.087 (0.057,0.149) s, microstate C: 0.059 (0.050, 0.066) vs 0.095 (0.056, 0.183) s and microstate D: 0.055 (0.049,0.075) vs 0.095 (0.053,0.162) s ( Z=-3.51, -4.89, -4.71, -4.21; all P<0.001); However, microstate occurrence frequencies were significantly lower in the ASD group: A: 5.423 (3.640,21.024) vs 1.834 (1.327,3.395) Hz, microstate B: 4.949 (3.439,20.038) vs 2.146 (1.314,3.834) Hz, microstate C: 5.888 (3.998,22.078) vs 2.234 (1.441,3.768) Hz and microstate D: 5.371 (3.170,15.208) vs 2.074 (1.147,3.582) Hz ( Z=-7.72, -6.41, -7.85, -6.60; all P<0.001). In the ASD group, ARI-P scores were positively correlated with the mean duration of microstates B, C, and D ( r=0.28, 0.26, 0.33; all P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the occurrence frequency of microstates A, C, and D ( r=-0.26, -0.27, -0.21; all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the mean duration of microstate B was a significant predictor of irritability severity ( β=0.436, 95% CI: 1.260-4.202, P<0.001). Conclusion:Resting-state EEG microstate characteristics in Children with ASD differ from those in TD children and are associated with the severity of irritability. Prolonged duration of microstate B may serve as a risk factor for increased irritability in children with ASD.

Specific pathogen-free(SPF)chickens are widely used in the research of avian diseases and vaccines.Vertically transmissible diseases are transmitted to chickens through vertical transmission,seriously affecting their survival rate,increasing production costs,and causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry,while severely impacting the breeding and use of SPF chickens.Therefore,it is crucial for researchers and managers to enhance their understanding of vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens and to develop effective monitoring measures.Quality monitoring is an important part of ensuring the quality of SPF chickens,with pathogen detection being the primary step.Based on this,it is necessary to cultivate qualified SPF chickens through purification methods and biosecurity measures.This paper reviews the major vertically transmissible pathogens in chickens,including viral pathogens,bacterial pathogens and mycoplasmas,as well as their detection methods.This study compares the differences in microbiological testing items and methods for SPF chickens between the U.S.corporate standard and the Chinese national standard.Analysis of the results shows that in both standards,vertically transmissible pathogens such as Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis,Salmonella,and avian leukosis are not included in the microbiological testing items for SPF chickens.Instead,these pathogens are characterized by mixed infections,and outbreaks can seriously affect flock health.To produce higher-quality SPF chickens,it is necessary to include these pathogens in the mandatory testing items.The aim of this paper is to help readers understand the relevant standards for microbiological monitoring of SPF chickens,the hazards of vertically transmissible pathogens,and prevention and control strategies,so as to provide a reference for the detection and purification of pathogens in SPF chickens.

Objective:To provide references for aeromedical support by investigating the effect of training at high altitude on acute hypoxia tolerance of pilots.Methods:Eighteen high performance fighter pilots who had returned to plain for 1 week as they finished 3-month residence in plateau were chosen as training group and 36 pilots who flied same aircraft type but without plateau stay and training were assigned as control group. Both groups received anti-G and anti-hypoxia training. The acceptance line of hypoxia experience training was defined to 2 min and the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2) and the heart rate of pilots were tested every 20 s. The anti-G and anti-hypoxia ability detector of pilots and BeneView T6 ECG monitor were used for training, assessment and monitoring. Results:SaO 2 level in the training group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the corresponding time point from the 60 s of the training, and the differences was statistically significant ( t=2.63, 3.32, 4.79, 4.32, P=0.011, 0.002,<0.001,<0.001). The average of SaO 2 in the control group decreased rapidly with the extension of hypoxia time, while the average of SaO 2 in the training group decreased slowly with the extension of hypoxia time. The average of effective consciousness time of the training group [(441.11±67.03) s] was significantly longer than that of the control group [(195.00±31.49) s], and was 2.26 times of the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t=17.74, P<0.001). Conclusions:After stationed and trained in plateau, the SaO 2 and the effective consciousness time of high performance fighter pilots under acute hypoxia have been significantly improved. Short term chronic hypoxia process can significantly improve the acute hypoxia tolerance of pilots, which is conducive to the effective response to high aerial hypoxia.

Objective:To provide ideas and references for improving the lumbar stability of flying personnel by reviewing the research progress and tendency on Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel. Literature resource and selection Relevant papers and monographs about Schmorl′s nodes published at home and abroad. Literature quotation Thirty-six published references were cited. Literature synthesis It is generally considered that Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine are cartilaginous nodes formed by the herniation of the intervertebral discs tissue into the vertebral body through the broken cartilaginous endplates. There are different opinions on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine. Because most of them have no obvious clinical symptoms, they were once considered to be of no research value. However, the investigation showed that the further study on Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel is realistic. Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine may not only cause lumbago, but also are closely related to lumbar intervertebral discs degeneration. The formation of Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel will affect the viscoelasticity of lumbar intervertebral discs, and this will affect their anti-G and anti-vibration abilities, accelerate the degeneration of lumbar spine and intervertebral discs, and induce clinical symptoms or reduce flight endurance. Conclusions:Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine are closely related to lumbar disc degeneration and lumbar instability. Schmorl′s nodes are commonly seen in the lumbar spine and have an important effect on the overall stability of lumbar spine of flying personnel.

Objective:To provide ideas and references for improving the lumbar stability of flying personnel by reviewing the research progress and tendency on Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel. Literature resource and selection Relevant papers and monographs about Schmorl′s nodes published at home and abroad. Literature quotation Thirty-six published references were cited. Literature synthesis It is generally considered that Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine are cartilaginous nodes formed by the herniation of the intervertebral discs tissue into the vertebral body through the broken cartilaginous endplates. There are different opinions on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine. Because most of them have no obvious clinical symptoms, they were once considered to be of no research value. However, the investigation showed that the further study on Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel is realistic. Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine may not only cause lumbago, but also are closely related to lumbar intervertebral discs degeneration. The formation of Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine in flying personnel will affect the viscoelasticity of lumbar intervertebral discs, and this will affect their anti-G and anti-vibration abilities, accelerate the degeneration of lumbar spine and intervertebral discs, and induce clinical symptoms or reduce flight endurance. Conclusions:Schmorl′s nodes of lumbar spine are closely related to lumbar disc degeneration and lumbar instability. Schmorl′s nodes are commonly seen in the lumbar spine and have an important effect on the overall stability of lumbar spine of flying personnel.

Objective:To provide references for aeromedical support by investigating the effect of training at high altitude on acute hypoxia tolerance of pilots.Methods:Eighteen high performance fighter pilots who had returned to plain for 1 week as they finished 3-month residence in plateau were chosen as training group and 36 pilots who flied same aircraft type but without plateau stay and training were assigned as control group. Both groups received anti-G and anti-hypoxia training. The acceptance line of hypoxia experience training was defined to 2 min and the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2) and the heart rate of pilots were tested every 20 s. The anti-G and anti-hypoxia ability detector of pilots and BeneView T6 ECG monitor were used for training, assessment and monitoring. Results:SaO 2 level in the training group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the corresponding time point from the 60 s of the training, and the differences was statistically significant ( t=2.63, 3.32, 4.79, 4.32, P=0.011, 0.002,<0.001,<0.001). The average of SaO 2 in the control group decreased rapidly with the extension of hypoxia time, while the average of SaO 2 in the training group decreased slowly with the extension of hypoxia time. The average of effective consciousness time of the training group [(441.11±67.03) s] was significantly longer than that of the control group [(195.00±31.49) s], and was 2.26 times of the control group, the difference was statistically significant ( t=17.74, P<0.001). Conclusions:After stationed and trained in plateau, the SaO 2 and the effective consciousness time of high performance fighter pilots under acute hypoxia have been significantly improved. Short term chronic hypoxia process can significantly improve the acute hypoxia tolerance of pilots, which is conducive to the effective response to high aerial hypoxia.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy for the treatment of stage Ia small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is rarely reported. We retrospectively studied T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLC patients aged ≥60 years, aiming to comparatively analyze the prognosis of lobectomy and sub-lobectomy in treating patients with Ia SCLC. METHODS: Patients with stage Ia SCLC diagnosed by pathologic between 1992 and 2010 were selected from the "Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database"(SEER). Outcome data were compared using Kaplan-Meier (Log-rank test) and Cox model multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We identified 515 patients. Median overall survival (OS) of the lobectomy (n=110), sublobar resection (n=57) and non-surgical (n=348) cohort were 45, 23 and 16 months, respectively. The corresponding 5-year OS of the three groups were 44%, 30%, and 14%, respectively. No significant difference in the prognosis of patients with or without lymph node examination/ dissection (P=0.107) and the 5-year OS of patients underwent lobectomy with chemoradiation was 50%. Cox multivariable analysis showed that operation treatment, including lobectomy and sublobectomy, was one of the independent factors associated with the prognosis of early SCLC patients, and patients undergo lobectomy shows a better OS compared with sublobar resection (Lob vs Sub, HR=0.645; 95%CI: 0.433-0.961, P=0.031). CONCLUSIONS For age ≥60 years T1N0M0 (≤3 cm) SCLC patients, we recommend anatomical lobectomy combined with adjuvant chemoradiation.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonectomy ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ; diagnosis ; surgery

Objective To summarize the clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment of perinatal tuberculosis.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of six infants with perinatal tuberculosis treated in Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2000 to December 2016.Results (1) The six patients were at the age of 27 to 60 days at the onset,while the mean ages of full-term and preterm infants were (31 ± 4) and (55± 6) days,respectively.Three mothers were diagnosed with active tuberculosis (two of which were diagnosed after parturition).(2) Three infants were admitted to the hospital with fever including two having respiratory diseases,one with external auditory canal secretions and deviated mouth,and two with secretions in the external auditory canal and masses in the head and neck.One was diagnosed as hepatosplenic tuberculosis,three as miliary tuberculosis (one was complicated by tuberculous meningitis and one with tuberculous meningitis and cervical lymph node tuberculosis),one with left cervical and temporal tuberculosis,and one with miliary tuberculosis complicated with left temporal,external auditory canal and cervical lymph node tuberculosis.(3) Two cases were positive for purified protein derivative skin test and two were positive for tuberculosis infection T cell spot test.Five cases were negative in anti-tuberculosis antibody test.Typical miliary shadows in the lungs of three infants were shown on chest X-ray.Two cases received auriculotemporal CT/MRI,indicating space-occupying lesions and destruction in the middle ear and mastoid process.Cranial MRI findings indicated one case had tuberculous meningitis.Diagnosis of three cases were confirmed by biopsy or after operation.(4) All six patients survived.Four cases recovered after combined treatment of isoniazid,rifampicin and pyrazinamide and two were transferred to a specialized hospital for further treatment.(5) All six patients were fully recovered in follow-ups at 2-3 years after discharge with normal development comparing with healthy children of the same age.Conclusions Perinatal tuberculosis,with nonspecific clinical manifestations,has a low incidence of infection but a high mortality rate.Suspected cases require full consideration including clinical symptoms,dynamic observation of laboratory findings and imaging features,and pathological examination when necessary.Maternal history of tuberculosis should be consulted and timely treatment is mandatory to improve the outcomes.

Objective To study early diagnostic methods,treatment and prognosis of neonatal upper airway abnormalities.Method From Jan.2013 to Dec.2016,clinical data of neonates with upper airway abnormalities in neonatal department of our hospital was reviewed,including diagnostic methods,clinical manifestations,examination results,treat-ment and prognosis.Result Fifty-five cases of neonatal upper airway abnormalities were collected,including 34 males and 21 females,51 term infants and 4 premature infants.The most common diagnosis was congenital laryngomalacia (31 cases,14 of them had other upper airway abnormalities),followed by congenital cyst,vocal cord paralysis,laryngeal granuloma,Pierre Robin syndrome,etc.Most cases had presenting symptoms immediately or within days after birth,including dyspnea,cyanosis,laryngeal stridor,feeding difficulties,hoarseness and weak cry.Pneumonia occurred in 49 cases and respiratory failure in 16 cases.Thirty one cases received CT or MRI,abnormalities were found in 17 cases (54.8％).Thirty four cases received fiberoptic bronchoscopy,abnormalities were found in 33 cases (97.0％).The duration of hospital stay were 14 (7 ～20) days.Forty six cases were cured (20 cases received surgical treatment,26 cases conservative treatment),7 cases died (1 case died of chaotic atrial tachycardia and heart failure at 69-day after birth,and 6 cases died after discontinue of treatment),2 cases were lost on follow-up after discharge.Conclusion Newborn infants with upper airway abnormalities develop symptoms early,and some severe cases have respiratory failure.Imaging and fiberoptic bronchoscopy are helpful for diagnosis.Early surgical treatment can relieve airway obstruction and improve prognosis for congenital cyst,laryngeal granuloma,nasopharyngeal tumor and other space occupying lesions,and also severe upper airway obstruction caused by severe laryngomalacia,vocal cord paralysis,choanal atresia.