Virtual avatar possesses unique advantages such as high degree of realism,immersion and visualization,and the research on applying it to the assessment and treatment of anorexia nervosa is increasing year by year.In terms of assessment,there are mainly avatar versions of the figure rating scales,yes-no tasks and its variations,method of adjustment,and the use of virtual cylinder technique.In terms of treatment,there are mainly intervention methods based on virtual avatar exposure therapy,body swapping illusions,perceptual/attention training and self-empowerment,as well as some new potential interventions.Overall,the current research around anorexia nervosa using virtual avatar techniques is still in its early stages and there is still a lot of room for further exploration.

Virtual avatar possesses unique advantages such as high degree of realism,immersion and visualization,and the research on applying it to the assessment and treatment of anorexia nervosa is increasing year by year.In terms of assessment,there are mainly avatar versions of the figure rating scales,yes-no tasks and its variations,method of adjustment,and the use of virtual cylinder technique.In terms of treatment,there are mainly intervention methods based on virtual avatar exposure therapy,body swapping illusions,perceptual/attention training and self-empowerment,as well as some new potential interventions.Overall,the current research around anorexia nervosa using virtual avatar techniques is still in its early stages and there is still a lot of room for further exploration.

Objective:To compare the imaging features of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion (Xp11.2 RCC) with chromophobe RCC.Methods:From November 2016 to January 2020, 28 patients with Xp11.2 RCC and 28 patients with chromophobe RCC confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed in Peking University First Hospital. All 23 patients underwent preoperative CT examination, and 5 patients underwent routine MRI in each group. The clinical and imaging features were observed and recorded. The CT features including side, location, size, boundary, shape, uniform density, composition (solid, cystic-solid, cystic), hemorrhage, calcification, lymph node metastasis of the lesions and distant metastasis were observed, and the CT value of the solid part of the tumor at each stage was measured. On MRI images, the signal of the lesion in each sequence and enhancement mode were observed. The differences in clinical and imaging characteristics between the 2 groups were compared using independent samples t test or χ 2 test. Results:The Xp11.2 RCC more frequently affected young [(27±10) years] patients, while chromophobe RCC more frequently involved middle-aged [(37±7) years] patients asymptomatically, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-4.99, P<0.001). The lesion size of Xp11.2 RCC [(5.4±2.2) cm] were significantly smaller than that of chromophobe RCC [(6.9±1.8) cm] ( t=-2.93, P=0.005). There were significant differences in the density and composition of lesions between Xp11.2 RCC and chromophobe RCC (χ 2=4.60, 18.67, P=0.032,<0.001). There were no significant differences in the side, location, boundary, shape, hemorrhage, calcification, fat, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis between the 2 kind of lesions (all P>0.05). The CT values of solid components in Xp11.2 RCC in cortico-medullary phase and delayed phase were higher than those in chromophobe RCC, and the difference were statistically significant ( t=11.80, 20.15, both P<0.001). Five cases of Xp11.2 RCC showed iso- or slightly hyperintense signal on T 1WI and slightly hypointense signal on T 2WI. Two cases showed delayed enhancement after enhancement, and 3 cases showed a slight decrease in delayed phase enhancement. Conclusion:Compared with chromophobe RCC, Xp11.2 RCC has certain characteristics in imaging manifestations (lesion size, density uniformity, composition, CT value of post-enhanced cortico-medullary phase and delayed phase). Imaging manifestations combining the clinical manifestations (age of onset) are helpful for preoperative diagnosis of Xp11.2 RCC.

Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) relapse within months after completing previous therapies. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of anlotinib as third- or further-line therapy in patients with short-term relapsed SCLC from ALTER1202. Patients with short-term relapsed SCLC (disease progression within 3 months after completing ⩾ two lines of chemotherapy) in the anlotinib (n = 67) and placebo (n = 34) groups were analyzed. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary endpoints included overall survival, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate, and safety. Anlotinib significantly improved median PFS/OS (4.0 vs. 0.7 months, P < 0.0001)/(7.3 vs. 4.4 months, P = 0.006) compared with placebo. The ORR was 4.5%/2.9% in the anlotinib/placebo group (P = 1.000). The DCR in the anlotinib group was higher than that in the placebo group (73.1% vs. 11.8%, P < 0.001). The most common adverse events (AEs) were hypertension (38.8%), loss of appetite (28.4%), and fatigue (22.4%) in the anlotinib group and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase elevation (20.6%) in the placebo group. No grade 5 AEs occurred. For patients with short-term relapsed SCLC, third- or further-line anlotinib treatment was associated with improved survival benefit. Further studies are warranted in this regard.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/chemically induced* ; Quinolines/adverse effects*

COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. After the infection of the virus, the host immune system is stimulated to produce multifarious specific antibodies to decrease or eliminate effects of the pathogen. Study of the specific antibodies dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19 is very important for the understanding and diagnosis of the disease, research and development of vaccine, and planning of prevention and control strategy. This paper reviews and summarizes the domestic and oversea research on dynamic characteristics of specific antibodies of COVID-19 patients, including the antibody producing, duration and level, and its possible influencing factors in order to improve the understanding of the immunological characteristics of COVID-19.

The studies on infectiousness of person infected with SARS-CoV-2 at different stages of illness are an important basis for making effective prevention and control measures such as investigating the infectious source, determining the scope of close contacts and the timing of case isolation. This review discusses the infectiousness of cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the incubation period, symptomatic period and convalescent period by reviewing national and international literatures, technical and professional guidelines. Existing researches suggest that the infectious viruses could be isolated at the end of the incubation period as well as since illness onset, and viral load in upper respiratory tract swabs reached the peak on day 4-6 after illness onset and thereafter began to decline, implying the infectiousness was relatively strong at the end of incubation period and within one week after illness onset. Although there were a few cases who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after recovery, no evidence was found to indicate these cases can cause the transmission.

Objective:To analyze the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and related healthcare seeking behaviors in population in the period of COVID-19 epidemic in China.Methods:According to the province specific cumulative incidence rates of COVID-19 reported as of March 31, 2020, the low, medium and high-risk areas were classified. In these areas, a stratified two stage cluster random sampling method was used to select participants for face-to-face questionnaire surveys. Data on the incidence of ARI and related healthcare seeking behaviors in community residents during COVID-19 epidemic period were collected to calculate the attack rate of ARI and related healthcare seeking rate. Logistic regression method was used to explore the influencing factors for ARI incidence and healthcare seeking behavior.Results:A total of 34 857 community residents were surveyed, in whom 647 (1.9%) reported that they had ARI symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic period, and 241 (37.2%) had healthcare seeking behaviors. In terms of the incidence of COVID-19-related ARI, in high-risk area, the risk of COVID-19-related ARI was 1.36 times (95% CI: 1.12-1.65) than that in low-risk area; among different age groups, the risk of COVID-19-related ARI in age groups 20-39 years, ≥60 years was 1.80 times (95% CI: 1.29-2.59) and 1.63 times (95% CI: 1.14-2.40) than that in age group 1-9 years; the risk of COVID-19-related ARI in people with underlying diseases was 1.53 times (95% CI: 1.23-1.89) than that in those without underlying diseases; the risk of COVID-19-related ARI in people with contacts with confirmed cases of COVID-19 and people with fever or respiratory symptoms was 1.53 times (95% CI: 1.01-2.27) and 6.60 times (95% CI: 5.05-8.53) than those in people without these contacts. The healthcare seeking rate in COVID-19-related ARI patients with exposures to those with fever or respiratory symptoms was 1.68 times (95% CI: 1.05-2.70) than that in such patients without the exposures. Conclusions:The attack rate of COVID-19-related ARI was affected by the local epidemic level of COVID-19, and in high-risk area, the attack rate of COVID-19-related ARI was also high. The healthcare seeking rate in patients with COVID-19-related ARI was low. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage the healthcare seeking in people with ARI in COVID-19 pandemic period.

Domestic and foreign literatures related to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and the re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed, and the characteristics and infectivity of the re-positive cases were analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the improvement of case management and the development of measures to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Existing studies have shown that re-positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 2.4% to 19.8%, the median of interval between re-positive detection and discharge was 4-15 days. Following the second course of the disease, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG and IgA positive rates of the cases were 11.11%-86.08%, 52.00%-100.00% and 61.54%-100.00% respectively, the total antibody and neutralizing antibody positive rates were 98.72% and 88.46%. The viral load of the re-positive cases was lower than that in the initial infection. At least 3 380 re-positive cases have been reported globally. SARS-CoV-2 strains were isolated from the samples of 3 re-positive cases (1 immunodeficiency case and 2 cases with abnormal pulmonary imaging). There were close contacts that were infected by an asymptomatic case taking immunosuppressive agents. In conclusion, the infectivity of re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 is generally very low. Rare re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 might cause further transmission. The management approach for the re-positive cases can be based on the assessment of the individual transmission risk according to the pathogen detection results.
Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; SARS-CoV-2

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of losartan in the treatment of massive proteinuria in kidney transplant recipients.Methods All of the 82 patients were randomized in two groups:losartan group and control group(amlodipine group).Both of the groups were divided into two different subsets according to blood pressure control Twenty-four-hour proteinuria,serum creatinine,blood pressure and adverse effects were observed.Results Losartan and amlodipine had the similar effects on blood pressure control The 24-h proteinuria in losartan group at the end of the study was significantly lower than that at the baseline,and there was significant difference between the losartan blood pressure control subset and the losartan blood pressure un-control subseL The effective rate and significant effective rate in losartan group for massive proteinuria were higher than in control group.Conclusion T Losartan can be effectively and safely used for the treatment of massive proteinuria in renal transplant recipients independent of blood pressure.