Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical features of infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).Methods:A cross-sectional study and analysis were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 9 918 patients with CNS infectious diseases, who were diagnosed and treated at 29 hospitals across China from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020. Data collected included demographic data, clinical manifestations, health economic indicators, and prognostic outcomes.Results:Among the 9 918 collected cases of CNS infectious diseases, 5 559 were male (56.0%) and 4 359 were female (44.0%), with an onset age of 38 (25, 53) years. Education level: slightly more junior high school education (2 651 cases, 26.7%), and less elementary school education and below (2 181 cases, 22.0%) were found. Occupational distribution: farmers were found predominant (3 215 cases, 32.4%), followed by workers (1 826 cases, 18.4%) and students (1 633 cases, 16.5%). Clinical manifestations: headache (6 074 cases, 61.2%), fever (5 869 cases, 59.2%) and positive meningeal irritation signs (2 273 cases, 22.9%) were the 3 most common clinical manifestations, followed by nausea and (or) vomiting (2 095 cases, 21.1%), impaired consciousness (2 077 cases, 20.9%), psychiatric symptom (1 866 cases, 18.8%) and epilepsy (1 627 cases, 16.4%), etc., and cranial nerve involvement was found in 669 cases (6.7%). Major pathogens included viruses in 6 814 cases (68.7%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 677 cases (16.9%), common bacteria in 864 cases (8.7%), fungi in 254 cases (2.6%), spirochetes of syphilis in 183 cases (1.8%), parasites in 121 cases (1.2%), and rickettsiae in 5 cases (0.1%). Urban-rural distribution: slightly more cases were found in the countryside (5 418 cases, 54.6%) than in the towns (4 500 cases, 45.4%). Distribution of onset by season: 2 412 cases (24.3%) fell ill in spring, 2 835 cases (28.6%) in summer, 2 187 cases (22.1%) in fall, and 2 484 cases (25.0%) in winter. Health economics: the duration of hospitalization was 15 (8, 27) days, and the cost of hospitalization was 1.53 (0.91, 3.02)×10 000 yuan. Prognosis: 9 531 cases (96.1%) were cured or improved, and 92 cases (0.9%) died. Conclusions:The pathogens responsible for CNS infectious diseases are predominantly viruses. Although the incidence is slightly higher during the summer months, the overall seasonal pattern is not particularly pronounced. These infections are more commonly observed in young and middle-aged males and present with a diverse range of clinical manifestations, contributing to a significant disease burden.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical value of a capillary electrophoresis-based method for gene diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia.Methods:In this single-center prospective study, 40 newborns with suspected hyperphenylalaninemia detected by neonatal liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry screening at Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital from February 2021 to February 2023 were included, with 22 males, 18 females and a mean age at diagnosis of 21.93 days.Capillary electrophoresis was used to detect 85 variants of the phenylalanine hydroxylase ( PAH) gene in 40 newborns with suspected hyperphenylalaninemia.The PAH gene of undiagnosed patients was further analyzed by Sanger sequencing.The detection rate, sensitivity and specificity of capillary electrophoresis were calculated. Results:Among these 40 newborns with suspected hyperphenylalaninemia, 71 PAH variants were detected by capillary electrophoresis, 32 patients were clearly diagnosed, only 1 pathogenic variant was found in 5 patients, and no pathogenic variant was found in the last 3 patients.Therefore, the detection rate, sensitivity and specificity of capillary electrophoresis for analysis of the PAH gene were 80.00%, 88.75% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions:The capillary electrophoresis-based method can rapidly, efficiently and accurately detect PAH gene variants at lower cost and is a promising gene detection method for hyperphenylalaninemia in clinical practice.

Blast injury of the chest injury is the most common wound in modern war trauma and terrorist attacks, and is also the most fatal type of whole body explosion injury. Most patients with severe blast injury of the chest die in the early stage before hospitalization or during transportation, so first aid is critically important. At present, there exist widespread problems such as non-standard treatment and large difference in curative effect, while there lacks clinical treatment standards for blast injury of the chest. According to the principles of scientificity, practicality and advancement, the Trauma Society of Chinese Medical Association has formulated the guidance of classification, pre-hospital first aid, in-hospital treatment and major injury management strategies for blast injury of the chest, aiming to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Since the performance appraisal of national tertiary public hospitals was carried out, higher requirements have been put forward for the operation and management of hospitals. Under the premise of ensuring the quality of medical service and medical safety, how to save hospital operating costs and improve the efficiency is an urgent problem for hospital managers. Supported by information upgrading, a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou reformed the treatment process and carried out pre-hospitalization in surgical departments. Data showed that pre-hospitalization can significantly shorten the length of stay, reduce hospitalization costs, and improve the operation efficiency of the hospital.

Traumatic rib fractures are the most common injury in thoracic trauma. Previously，the patients with traumatic rib fractures were mostly treated non-surgically，of which 50%，especially those combined with flail chest presented chronic pain or chest wall deformities and over 30% had long-term disabilities，being unable to retain a full-time job. In the past two decades，thanks to the development of internal fixation material technology，the surgical treatment of rib fractures has achieved good outcomes. However，there are still some problems in clinical treatment，including inconsistency in surgical treatment and quality control in medical services. The current consensuses on the management of regional traumatic rib fractures published at home and abroad mainly focus on the guidance of the overall treatment decisions and plans，and relevant clinical guidelines abroad lacks progress in surgical treatment of rib fractures in recent years. Therefore，the Chinese Society of Traumatology affiliated to Chinese Medical Association and Chinese College of Trauma Surgeons affiliated to Chinese Medical Doctor Association，in conjunction with national multidisciplinary experts，formulate the Chinese Consensus for Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Rib Fractures（2021）following the principle of evidence-based medicine，scientific nature and practicality. This expert consensus puts forward some clear，applicable，and graded recommendations from aspects of preoperative imaging evaluation，surgical indications，timing of surgery，surgical methods，rib fracture sites for surgical fixation，internal fixation methods and material selections，treatment of combined injuries in rib fractures，in order to provide references for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures.

The atmospheric particulate matter(PM) is widely regarded as one of major environmentally and unfriendly ambient air pollution, and therein PM2.5 (diameter≤2.5 μm) is most closely related to human health.Because of its smaller diameter with longer suspension duration, PM can absorb many pathogenic microorganisms, and easily enter into the deep of airway and then deposit on the bronchus and alveoli, and it brings damage to the lung tissues and the surfactant proteins.PM can give rise to oxidative stress, inflammation response, cells and DNA damage.Now, this review focuses on the characterization and composition of PM, as well as the impact of PM2.5 on the lung, surfactant proteins and human health, which helps to call for more people to pay attention to this environmental issue in order to better mitigate and prevent the damage caused by PM.

Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with gastroparesis syndrome after laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy which provide reference for clinical prevention.Methods Ninety cases of laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy admitted from August 2013 to December 2016 in Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province were studied retrospectively,57 were male(63.3%),the average age was 54.6 years old.Twenty cases were diagnosed postoparative gastroparesis syndrome(22.2%).To screen out the risk factors,31 independent variables were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression.Results Univariate analysis showed that malnutrition,hypoproteinemia,anemia,pylorus-preserving,extensive lymph nodes dissection,anxiety,high blood sugar before operation,delay of enteral nutrition,abdominal infection and postoperative high blood sugar were associated with postoperative gastroparesis(The value of OR were 3.143,3.587,2.852,2.889,3.231,7.071,2.889,5.359,6.000,6.263,P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that extensive lymph nodes dissection,anxiety,pylorus-preserving,abdominal infection,delay of enteral nutrition,hypoproteinemia,postoperative high blood sugar were risk factors of postoperative gastroparesis(The value of OR were 17.574,8.931,6.637,6.461,6.446,5.414,5.200;P<0.05).Conclusion Multiple risk factors can lead to gastroparesis after laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy,measures should be taken aimed at these risk factors during perioperative period.

Objective:To investigate the roles of S100B protein and anti-brain antibody (ABAb) in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by analyzing the changes of the serum levels of S100B and ABAb and the relationships of the measures with cognition deficits in patients with AD.Methods:In this study,32 patients with AD(AD group) and 40 age-matched volunteers without cognitive impairment(control group) were enrolled.The diagnosis was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ).The mental and social functional conditions were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activity of Daily Living Scale(ADL),the cognitive function of patients was evaluated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale(ADAS-Cog).The serum S100B proteinand ABAb levels were examined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA).Results:The serum S100B protein[(0.66 ± 0.17) μg/L vs.(0.30 ± 0.04)μg/L] and ABAb [(1.93 ± 0.95) U/L vs.(1.31 ± 0.25) U/L] levels were higher in AD patients than in the controls (Ps ＜ 0.01).In AD patients,the serum S 100B protein markedly negatively correlated with the scores of the MMSE(r =-0.66),while positively correlated with ADL and ADAS-Cog(r =0.57,r =0.53)(Ps ＜ 0.005).ABAb levels negatively correlated with the scores of the MMSE(r =-0.57),while positively correlated with ADL and ADAS-Cog(r =0.52,r =0.34)(Ps ＜0.05).The serum S100B protein levels were positively related to ABAb levels in AD group(r =0.51.P ＜0.005),but not in control group(r =0.076,P =0.654).Conclusions:It suggests that the serum levels of S100B protein and ABAb are related with cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease,and S100B protein and ABAb might play key roles in mechanism of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective To understand the infection situation and epidemiological characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) among children with MP infections in Guilin area .Methods The IgM antibody of MP was determined in 1 704 pediatric outpatients and inpatients with respiratory tract infections in our hospital during 2015 by using the MP IgM antibody test reagent kit(colloidal Gold method) .The detection situation was investigated and analyzed .Results The total MP positive rate among children patients with respiratory tract infections in Guilin was 18 .19% ,the female was higher than male with statistical difference (22 .48% vs . 15 .37% ,P<0 .05) .The MP positive rates in children 0 - <1 years old ,1 - <3 years old ,3 - <6 years old and 6 -14 years old were 6 .25% ,18 .59% ,25 .56% and 32 .40% respectively ,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05) .The MP posi‐tive rates in spring ,summer ,autumn and winter were 21 .56% ,15 .29% ,16 .52% and 18 .48% respectively ,and the differences were not statistically significant(P>0 .05) .Conclusion MP is one of the most common pathogens leading to respiratory tract infection in children ,its infection shows gender and age differences .Summer and autumn are mainly epidemic seasons .Children aged 6―14 years old are susceptible to be infected by MP .So it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of MP infection .