The number of patients with reduced blood volume due to haemorrhage, fractures, severe infections, extensive burns and tumours is increasing, and traditional blood products are no longer able to meet the increasing clinical demand. Therefore, plasma substitutes have become particularly important in fluid resuscitation, especially artificial colloidal solutions, which have a sustained volume expansion time and a good volume expansion effect, and can significantly improve the circulatory status of patients. This article aims to review the classification of artificial colloidal plasma substitutes and their research progress in clinical practice, in order provide a more rigorous, professional and standardized reference for medicine.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

This study analyzes the disease burden of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents in China and globally from 1990 to 2021, providing data support and strategic recommendations for public health policy and disease intervention.

Objective To investigate the effects of Naoluo Xintong Decoction(NLXTD)on proliferation of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells(BMECs)after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation(OGD/R)injury and role of the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway in mediating its effect.Methods Using a BMEC model of OGD/R,we tested the effects of 10%NLXTD-medicated rat serum,alone or in combination with 2ME2 or 10%NAKL,on cell proliferation,migration,tube-forming ability and permeability using CCK-8 assay,Transwell chamber assay,tube formation assay and permeability assay.Cellular expressions of VEGF and Notch were detected using ELISA and laser confocal immunofluorescence analysis,and the expressions of HIF-1α,VEGFR2,Notch1,ERK and P-ERK1/2 proteins were detected with Western blotting.Results OGD/R injury significantly decreased viability of BMECs.NLXTD treatment of the cells with OGD/R could significantly promoted cell proliferation,migration and tube formation ability,but these effects were strongly attenuated by application of 2ME2.NLXTD treatment also significantly increased the percentages of VEGF-and Notch-positive cells in the cell models and obviously enhanced the expression levels of HIF-1α,VEGFR2,Notch1 and P-ERK1/2.Conclusion NLXTD promotes proliferation,migration,and tube formation of rat BMECs after OGD/R injury possibly by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway.

Objective:To summarize and analyze the clinical efficacy and experience of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of pediatric patients with KMS who underwent ultrasound-guided RFA in Department of Hemangioma Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, between March 2018 and March 2024. Preoperative laboratory tests and imageological examination were performed. Under general anesthesia, the working tip of the RFA electrode needle was precisely reached the bottom of the lesion under ultrasound guidance. The electrode needle was then gradually withdrawn until the entire lesion area was covered by hyperechoic signals, indicating complete ablation. Postoperative symptomatic and supportive treatments, such as ice pack application and dressing changes, were administered to the surgical area. Platelet detection was performed immediately after the operation. Complications were closely monitored and regular follow-ups were carried out.Results:A total of 30 pediatric patients were included, comprising 14 males and 16 females, from 10 min to 5 months and 29 d after birth, with a median time of 6 d. Lesions were located in the limbs and trunk in 27 cases, and head and neck region in 3 cases, with lesion volumes ranged from 2.4 cm×2.3 cm×1.2 cm to 14.4 cm×9.3 cm×3.3 cm. The mean preoperative platelet count was 43×10 9/L, among them, the platelet values of 11 cases were (10-30) ×10 9/L, and those of 6 cases were lower than 10×10 9/L, other 13 cases with progressive thrombocytopenia. All patients successfully underwent RFA, achieving complete lesion ablation and normalization of platelet counts postoperatively. Platelet counts recovered to above 300×10 9/L in 15 patients, with no severe complications observed. The RFA area became slightly hardened within 7 d postoperatively but gradually returned to normal after consistent dressing changes for 2 weeks. During the follow-up period of 6 months to 2 years, complete lesion ablation was confirmed, with disappearance of the mass, no recurrence, good local function, mild local scar formation, and satisfactory cosmetic appearance. Conclusion:Ultrasound-guided RFA for KMS has advantages of favorable therapeutic outcomes, minimal tissue damage, no significant complications, and satisfactory cosmetic result.

Objective To evaluate the impact of Jixiong Jiedu decoction on the efficacy of diabetic kidney disease in mice and its influence on intestinal flora and trimethylamine oxide(TMAO)levels.Methods Twelve 7-week-old male db/db mice were randomly assigned to the model group or Jixiong Jiedu decoction group(6 mice per group),while 6 male db/m mice were designated as the control group.Following 8 weeks of continuous gavage,we monitored the body weight and blood glucose levels of the mice at weeks 0,4,and 8.Additionally,we assessed urinary microalbumin,kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1),creatinine(Scr),and urea nitrogen(BUN)levels in urine.Renal pathology was evaluated using HE and PAS staining.Furthermore,fecal samples underwent 16s RNA sequencing,and the serum TMAO levels were determined.Results Compared with the control group,the blood glucose,body weight,8-hour urinary microalbumin,KIM-1 and Scr in the model group were significantly increased,and the renal pathology showed that glomerular segmental mesangial matrix increased,glomerular volume hypertrophy and renal tubular epithelial cell swelling.The abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus in the model group was significantly increased(P<0.01).The abundance of Lachnospiraceae,Helicobacter and Oscillospira decreased significantly(P<0.01),the abundance of each bacterial group changed,and the serum TMAO content increased significantly.Compared with the model group,the 8h urinary microalbumin,KIM-1(P<0.01)and Scr(P<0.05)in the Jixiong Jiedu decoction group were significantly decreased,and there was no significant difference in BUN(P>0.05),and the renal pathological damage was significantly improved.The abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus in intestinal flora decreased significantly(P<0.01),while the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospira increased significantly(P<0.01,P<0.05).The structure of gut microbiota,the abundance of dominant and non-dominant bacteria were positively adjusted,and the serum TMAO content was significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion Jixiong Jiedu decoction effectively ameliorates intestinal flora disorders in db/db mice and regulates serum TMAO levels,thereby exerting a nephroprotective effect.

This paper summarized the experience of professor WANG Yongyan in differentiating and treating vascular cognitive impairment （VCI）. It is believed that the core etiology and pathogenesis of VCI are deficient qi retention and stagnation， and toxin damaging brain collaterals. The essence lies in depletion of essence and qi， and malnutrition of brain collaterals as the root cause， while phlegm， turbidity， stasis， and heat blocking brain collaterals act as the branch aspects. It reveals the pathogenesis essence of VCI as stagnation caused by deficiency and qi stagnation transforming into excess， internal generation of toxin and collateral injury. The overall therapeutic principle is to tonify deficiency， move stagnation， resolve toxin， and unblock the collaterals， guided by the three core treatment methods of nourishing， unblocking， and clearing. Clinically， according to the different characteristics of the plateau phase， fluctuation phase， and decline phase， treatment methods including replenishing qi and blood， tonifying the kidney and supplementing essence； promoting sanjiao （三焦） circulation and activating blood to dredge collaterals； clearing heat and resolving toxin， eliminating phlegm and reducing turbidity are respectively adopted. This provides clinical guidance for the treatment of VCI in traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective:To investigate the impacts of different surgical fixation sequences on the post-operative functional outcomes in patients with ankle fracture combined with Lisfranc injury.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the 20 patients with ankle fracture and concomitant Lisfranc injury who had been treated between January 2014 and December 2023 at Department of Orthopedics, The 82nd Group Army Hospital of PLA. The cohort included 16 males and 4 females, with an age of (41.3±12.3) years. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on their surgical sequence: an ankle-first group ( n=12) treated first by open reduction and internal fixation of the ankle fracture and then by additional incision reduction and fixation of the Lisfranc injury, and a foot-first group ( n=8) treated first by open reduction and fixation of the Lisfranc injury and then by another incision for open reduction and internal fixation of the ankle fracture. The surgical time, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, postoperative Lisfranc articular step-off, postoperative arch height index (AHI), and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and incidence of traumatic arthritis at 1 year after surgery were compared between the 2 groups. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, indicating comparability ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up for (18.3±3.2) months after surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in surgical time or incidence of traumatic arthritis between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). In the ankle-first group, the intra-operative fluoroscopy frequency [(16.6±2.6) times] was significantly higher than that in the foot-first group [(13.6±2.5) times], and the postoperative Lisfranc articular step-off [0.0 (0.0, 0.8) mm], postoperative AHI [0.31 (0.29, 0.32)], and AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score at 1 year after surgery [(85.2±2.2) points] were all significantly better than those in the foot-first group [(1.3±1.3) mm, 0.29±0.01, and (81.0±4.1) points] (all P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of ankle fracture combined with Lisfranc injury, prioritizing ankle fixation provides a stable biomechanical foundation for subsequent midfoot reduction, leading to improved functional recovery and radiographic outcomes, but requires increased intraoperative fluoroscopy.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious intracranial hemorrhage characterized by acute bleeding into the subarachnoid space. The effects of shikonin, a natural compound from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, on oxidative stress and blood–brain barrier (BBB) injury in SAH was evaluated in this study. A rat model of SAH was established by endovascular perforation to mimic the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Rats were then administered 25 mg/kg of shikonin or dimethylsulfoxide after surgery. Brain edema, SAH grade, and neurobehavioral scores were measured after 24 h of SAH to evaluate neurological impairment. Concentrations of the oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain cortex were determined using the corresponding commercially available assay kits. Evans blue staining was used to determine BBB permeability. Western blotting was used to quantify protein levels of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5. After modeling, the brain water content increased significantly whereas the neurobehavioral scores of rats with SAH decreased prominently. MDA levels increased and the levels of the antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD decreased after SAH. These changes were reversed after shikonin administration. Shikonin treatment also inhibited Evans blue extravasation after SAH. Furthermore, reduction in the levels of tight junction proteins after SAH modeling was rescued after shikonin treatment. In conclusion, shikonin exerts a neuroprotective effect after SAH by mitigating BBB injury and inhibiting oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.