Objective To investigate the expression of Nanog and its regulatory relationship with MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Methods We detected Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 protein expressions in 127 ESCC tissues and 82 adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry and explored their correlations with the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients.GEO database was utilized to analyze the pathways enriched with the stemness-related molecules including Nanog,and TIMER online tool was used to analyze the correlations among TβR1,MMP-2,and MMP-9 in esophageal cancer.Results Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins were significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues and positively intercorrelated.Their expression levels were closely correlated with infiltration depth and lymph node metastasis of ESCC but not with age,gender,or tumor differentiation.The patients with high expressions of Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 had significantly shorter survival time.Bioinformatics analysis showed enrichment of stemness-associated molecules in the TGF-β signaling pathway,and the expressions of MMP-2/MMP-9 and TβR1 were positively correlated.In cultured ESCC cells,Nanog knockdown significantly decreased the expression of TβR1,p-Smad2/3,MMP-2,and MMP-9 and strongly inhibited cell migration.Conclusion The high expressions of Nanog,MMP-2,and MMP-9,which are positively correlated,are closely related with invasion depth,lymph node metastasis,and prognosis of ESCC.Nanog regulates the expressions of MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins through the TGF-β signaling pathway,and its high expression promotes migration of ESCC cells.

Objective To investigate the expression of Nanog and its regulatory relationship with MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC).Methods We detected Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 protein expressions in 127 ESCC tissues and 82 adjacent normal tissues using immunohistochemistry and explored their correlations with the clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the patients.GEO database was utilized to analyze the pathways enriched with the stemness-related molecules including Nanog,and TIMER online tool was used to analyze the correlations among TβR1,MMP-2,and MMP-9 in esophageal cancer.Results Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins were significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues and positively intercorrelated.Their expression levels were closely correlated with infiltration depth and lymph node metastasis of ESCC but not with age,gender,or tumor differentiation.The patients with high expressions of Nanog and MMP-2/MMP-9 had significantly shorter survival time.Bioinformatics analysis showed enrichment of stemness-associated molecules in the TGF-β signaling pathway,and the expressions of MMP-2/MMP-9 and TβR1 were positively correlated.In cultured ESCC cells,Nanog knockdown significantly decreased the expression of TβR1,p-Smad2/3,MMP-2,and MMP-9 and strongly inhibited cell migration.Conclusion The high expressions of Nanog,MMP-2,and MMP-9,which are positively correlated,are closely related with invasion depth,lymph node metastasis,and prognosis of ESCC.Nanog regulates the expressions of MMP-2/MMP-9 proteins through the TGF-β signaling pathway,and its high expression promotes migration of ESCC cells.

Orbital lymphomas (OLs) are the common types of ocular lymphomas.The disease is an extranodal malignant tumor, which can be either primary orbital or secondary to orbital involvement of systemic lymphoma.OLs are more common in women and usually present with unilateral eyeball protrusion and periorbital swelling.The symptoms of indolent lesions last longer, while the rapid development of invasive lesions is often accompanied by pain and inflammation.Symptoms such as ptosis, diplopia and visual impairment can also occur when the tumor involves different tissues in the orbit.The clinical features and imaging findings of OLs are not specific, so OLs need to be identified with a variety of orbital diseases.Therefore, when patients have certain non-specific orbital symptoms, orbital CT, MRI and other imaging examinations are required to check the orbital situation.Further surgical biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis at an early stage.The current gold standard for the diagnosis of OLs is histopathological examination, and its classification and staging depend on immunohistochemical analysis and PET-CT, respectively.The clinical staging of the disease directly affects the development of the treatment plan and the prognostic outcomes, so once the diagnosis is confirmed and the staging of OLs is completed, the appropriate treatment plan can be formulated as soon as possible.This article reviews the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of OLs in recent years to further understand the disease and provide a reference for clinical work.

Orbital lymphomas (OLs) are the common orbital malignancies in adults.To date, many studies have reported the treatment of OLs, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antibiotic therapy, surgical resection, or combination therapy.However, the selection of the best treatment is still a multidisciplinary task.Different treatment schemes were adopted for different subtypes and clinical stages of OLs.Radiotherapy is usually the first choice for the treatment of primary low-grade OLs, especially MALT lymphomas.Other non-MALT lymphomas can also be treated with radiotherapy, but the efficacy is not as good as MALT lymphomas.Chemotherapy is the most common choice for high-grade and other recurrent or refractory OLs.At present, rituximab combined with CHOP can significantly improve the prognosis of high-grade OLs.And antibiotics may be effective against a small portion of MALT lymphomas associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection.Also, studies have shown that histopathological subtypes and clinical stages are the most important factors affecting the prognosis of OLs.High-grade lymphomas have a poor prognosis, while the prognosis of low-grade lymphomas is better.Age, sex, the primary site of the disease and the use of various treatments are also related to prognostic outcomes of OLs.This article reviews the research on the treatment and prognostic factors of OLs at home and abroad to provide a reference for the formulation of clinical treatment plans and evaluate the prognosis.

Orbital lymphomas (OLs) are the common malignant tumor of the ocular adnexa.According to the source of abnormally proliferating lymphocytes, OLs can be further divided into several subtypes.The etiology and pathogenesis of OLs are still controversial.The current researches on OLs have shown that the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are mainly related to genetic abnormalities of lymphocytes, abnormal immunosuppression, autoimmune diseases and chronic antigenic stimulation.However, there is no real lymphatic drainage system in the eye.Only a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) system extends from the lacrimal glands to the conjunctiva and lacrimal duct, so the pathogenesis of OLs is still unique.And the etiology of different OLs subtypes is quite different.For example, different chromosomal aberrations can cause varying subtypes of OLs, and various OLs subtypes have diverse predispositions in different autoimmune diseases.Researches on the etiology and pathogenesis of OLs at home and abroad were reviewed in this article to provide a reference for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective:To explore the distribution characteristics of pathogens in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to provide basis for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of CAP.Methods:1 446 inpatients with CAP were prospectively enrolled in a third-class hospital in Beijing in recent 5 years (from January 2015 to December 2019). Respiratory tract samples were collected for smear, culture, nucleic acid, antigen and antibody detection to identify the pathogen of CAP. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and χ 2 test or Fisher′s exact test was used for categorical data for statistical analysis. Results:Among the 1 446 patients, 822 (56.85%) patients were infected with a single pathogen, 231 (15.98%) patients were infected with multiple pathogens, and 393 (27.18%) patients were not clear about the pathogen. Influenza virus is the first pathogen of CAP (20.95%, 303/1 446), mainly H1N1 (8.51%, 123/1 446), followed by mycoplasma pneumoniae (7.19%, 104/1 446), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5.33%, 77/1 446) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.05%, 73/1 446). The outbreak of H1N1 occurred from December 2018 to February 2019, and the epidemic of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia was monitored from August to November 2019. Patients under 65 years old had high detection rates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (14.41% vs. 2.41%, χ2=74.712, P<0.001), Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.16% vs. 2.99%, χ2=18.156, P<0.001), rhinovirus (6.08% vs. 3.56%, χ2=5.025, P<0.025), Chlamydia pneumoniae (5.90% vs. 1.15%, χ2=26.542, P<0.001) and adenovirus (3.13% vs. 0.92%, χ2=9.547, P=0.002). The severe disease rate of CAP was 14.66% (212/1 446), and the average mortality rate was 3.66% (53/1 446). The severe illness rate and mortality rate of bacterial-viral co-infection were 28.97% (31/107) and 19.63% (21/107), respectively. Conclusions:Influenza virus is the primary pathogen of adult CAP. Outbreaks of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and H1N1 were detected in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The remission rate and mortality rate of virus-bacteria co-infection were significantly higher than those of single pathogen infection. Accurate etiological basis not only plays a role in clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also provides important data support for prevention and early warning.

Objective:To explore the distribution characteristics of pathogens in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to provide basis for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of CAP.Methods:1 446 inpatients with CAP were prospectively enrolled in a third-class hospital in Beijing in recent 5 years (from January 2015 to December 2019). Respiratory tract samples were collected for smear, culture, nucleic acid, antigen and antibody detection to identify the pathogen of CAP. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and χ 2 test or Fisher′s exact test was used for categorical data for statistical analysis. Results:Among the 1 446 patients, 822 (56.85%) patients were infected with a single pathogen, 231 (15.98%) patients were infected with multiple pathogens, and 393 (27.18%) patients were not clear about the pathogen. Influenza virus is the first pathogen of CAP (20.95%, 303/1 446), mainly H1N1 (8.51%, 123/1 446), followed by mycoplasma pneumoniae (7.19%, 104/1 446), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5.33%, 77/1 446) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.05%, 73/1 446). The outbreak of H1N1 occurred from December 2018 to February 2019, and the epidemic of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia was monitored from August to November 2019. Patients under 65 years old had high detection rates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (14.41% vs. 2.41%, χ2=74.712, P<0.001), Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.16% vs. 2.99%, χ2=18.156, P<0.001), rhinovirus (6.08% vs. 3.56%, χ2=5.025, P<0.025), Chlamydia pneumoniae (5.90% vs. 1.15%, χ2=26.542, P<0.001) and adenovirus (3.13% vs. 0.92%, χ2=9.547, P=0.002). The severe disease rate of CAP was 14.66% (212/1 446), and the average mortality rate was 3.66% (53/1 446). The severe illness rate and mortality rate of bacterial-viral co-infection were 28.97% (31/107) and 19.63% (21/107), respectively. Conclusions:Influenza virus is the primary pathogen of adult CAP. Outbreaks of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and H1N1 were detected in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The remission rate and mortality rate of virus-bacteria co-infection were significantly higher than those of single pathogen infection. Accurate etiological basis not only plays a role in clinical diagnosis and treatment, but also provides important data support for prevention and early warning.

Orbital lymphoma, mainly composed of B-lymphocytes lymphoma and rare T-lymphocytes lymphoma, is the most frequent malignancy of the ocular adnexa.Orbital lymphoma is normally classified into different subtypes according to the origin of lymphocytes.For instance, extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) stem from B-lymphocytes while natural killer T-cell lymphoma (NK-TL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) come from T-lymphocytes.The epidemiological distribution of orbital lymphoma has certain characteristics.For example, the majority of orbital lymphomas originate from B-lymphocytes, among which EMZL is the most common subtype, followed by DLBCL, FL and MCL.In the meantime, orbital lymphoma primarily occurs in the elderly.The distribution of gender varies according to the disparate subtypes of orbital lymphomas.A female predominance is found among patients with EMZL and FL, while MCL tends to occurr in male.In this paper, the progress of epidemiological research of orbital lymphoma published in recent years was summarized, so as to provide new thoughts for the study of the etiology and pathogenesis of orbital lymphoma, as well as the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the orbital lymphoma.