Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among men, ranking first in incidence and second in mortality globally. Novel hormone therapies (NHT) targeting the androgen receptor (AR) pathway have become the standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer. This review offers a comprehensive overview of NHT, including abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and rezvilutamide, which have demonstrated efficacy in delaying disease progression and improving patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, resistance to NHT remains a critical challenge. The mechanisms underlying resistance are complex, involving AR gene amplification, mutations, splice variants, increased intratumoral androgens, and AR-independent pathways such as the glucocorticoid receptor, neuroendocrine differentiation, DNA repair defects, autophagy, immune evasion, and activation of alternative signaling pathways. This review discusses these resistance mechanisms and examines strategies to counteract them, including sequential treatment with novel AR-targeted drugs, chemotherapy, poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, radionuclide therapy, bipolar androgen therapy, and approaches targeting specific resistance pathways. Future research should prioritize elucidating the molecular basis of NHT resistance, optimizing existing therapeutic strategies, and developing more effective combination regimens. Additionally, advanced sequencing technologies and resistance research models should be leveraged to identify novel therapeutic targets and improve drug delivery efficiencies. These advancements hold the potential to overcome NHT resistance and significantly enhance the management and prognosis of patients with advanced prostate cancer.

Objective To explore the effects of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage and tetracaine hydrochloride jelly on improving the comfort degree in prostatic hyperplasia patients with catheterization. Methods A total of 52 prostatic hyperplasia inpatients with catheterization of urinary surgery at the People's Hospital of Wuzhou, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, from January 2015 to March 2017 were selected as the object. All of the patients were divided into two groups by envelope method, 26 cases in each group. Patients in observation group accepted the following treatments involved that an 8-10F improved double channel Foley catheter was covered with little dyclonine mucilage for lubrication firstly; the catheter was inserted as well as the dyclonine mucilage was injected in 1.5 ml; the dyclonine mucilage was injected in 5 ml when the catheter reached the membranous part of posterior urethra and the catheter was drawn; the glans was held with fingers;the front end (15 cm) of draft 16F catheter was covered with the left dyclonine mucilage; the 16F catheter covered with the left dyclonine mucilage was indwelt with routine urethral catheterization 4 minutes after injecting dyclonine mucilage. Patients in control group accepted the 16F catheter with routine urethral catheterization after injecting tetracaine jelly to urethra in 5 ml. The degree of pain, onset time and total duration time of clonic pain, paroxysmal incontinentia urinae, sense of obstruction during indwelling catheter and indwelling time were compared in two groups. Results There was no significant difference in degree of intubation obstruction and intubation time between the two groups (P>0.05). The pain level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference in spasticity pain duration and spasticity pain onset time between the two groups (P> 0.05). The incidence rate of paroxysmal incontinentia urinae in the observation group was less than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions There was no obvious sense of obstruction during indwelling catheter and with light degree of conscious pain in dyclonine group. The dyclonine mucilage can smooth the indwelling catheter by assist catheterization, relieve the pain of patients, improve the degree of comfort and has advantages in preventing and curing the pain of clonic pain of urethra and bladder after indwelling catheter.