BACKGROUND:Ischemic stroke is a highly prevalent disease associated with apoptosis.Neuronal death occurs after cerebral ischemia,including necrosis and apoptosis.The ischemic core region is dominated by necrosis,while delayed neuronal death in the penumbra is dominated by apoptosis.The penumbra has become a target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.This bibliometric analysis was used to identify the characteristics,hotspots,and frontiers of global scientific output related to apoptosis in ischemic stroke over the past 5 years. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the role of apoptosis and its mechanisms in the pathological process of ischemic stroke through a bibliometric approach. METHODS:A total of 927 relevant literature records from 2018 to 2022 were retrieved from Science Citation Index Expanded(SCI-Expanded)and Social Science Citation Index Expanded(SSCI-Expanded)of the Web of Science Core Collection.Research trends and hotspots of apoptosis in ischemic stroke were visualized using Citespace,VOSviewer and Bibliometrix. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:From 2018 to 2020,the number of papers on the role of apoptosis in ischemic stroke showed an upward trend,but in 2020,the number of papers began to reduce.China had the largest number of publications,and the United States ranked the second.Capital Medical University and BRAIN RESEARCH BULLETIN were the institutions and journals with the most articles,respectively.In recent years,the two keywords"expression"and"oxidative stress"have appeared more frequently.The bibliometric study showed that in the past 5 years,most of the studies focused on basic research,in which research on the role of apoptosis in ischemic stroke has gradually decreased in the last 3 years,showing a downward trend.On the contrary,nerve regeneration has gradually become a research hotspot,especially the regulation of neurotrophic factors under the influence of different mechanisms,and the research on angiogenesis and glial cell repair is on the rise.At the same time,apoptosis in nerve regeneration is a potential point of discovery.

BACKGROUND:Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system mediated by T cells.The Toll-like receptors(TLRs)/myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)/nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of the disease.Exploring the specific mechanism of the signaling pathway is essential for further treatment of the disease and improving the prognosis of patients. OBJECTIVE:To review the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and its role in multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models,which provides new ideas and strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis by inhibiting the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS:The literature related to the topic from January 2002 to December 2022 was searched in CNKI,WanFang and PubMed databases.A total of 61 articles were finally included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway is an important pathway that triggers a pro-inflammatory immune response.The TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis by regulating the antigen presentation of dendritic cells,destroying the integrity of the blood-brain barrier,and promoting the activation of T cells,B cells and microglia.By targeting TLRs,MyD88 and NF-κB molecules,inhibiting the activation or signal transduction of TLRs,MyD88 and NF-κB,and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors,multiple sclerosis can be treated.Animal studies have shown that active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines,such as flavonoids and glycosides,and traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas,such as Buyang Huanwu Tang,can also treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway,which points to the direction of searching for medicines targeting the TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

As a promising method in artificial intelligence, deep learning has been proven successful in several domains ranging from acoustics and images to natural language processing. With medical imaging becoming an important part of disease screening and diagnosis, deep learning-based approaches have emerged as powerful techniques in medical image areas. In this process, feature representations are learned directly and automatically from data, leading to remarkable breakthroughs in the medical field. Deep learning has been widely applied in medical imaging for improved image analysis. This paper reviews the major deep learning techniques in this time of rapid evolution and summarizes some of its key contributions and state-of-the-art outcomes. The topics include classification, detection, and segmentation tasks on medical image analysis with respect to pulmonary medical images, datasets, and benchmarks. A comprehensive overview of these methods implemented on various lung diseases consisting of pulmonary nodule diseases, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and interstitial lung disease is also provided. Lastly, the application of deep learning techniques to the medical image and an analysis of their future challenges and potential directions are discussed.

Objective: To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of apatinib in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The esophageal cancer cells, KYSE-150 and ECA-109, were divided into control group and apatinib treatment group at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μmol/L respectively. All of experiments were performed in triplicate. MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration capacity. The effect of apatinib on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The concentration of VEGF in the cell supernatant was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of MEK, ERK, p-MEK, p-ERK, JAK2, STAT3 and p-STAT3 after VEGF stimulation were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the nude mice xenograft model was established. The tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into control group, apatinib low dose treatment group (250 mg) and apatinib high dose treatment group (500 mg), respectively. Tumor inhibition rates of different groups were calculated. And then the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected in xenograft tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Results: In the presence of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib for 24 hours, the migration cell numbers of KYSE-150 and ECA-109 were 428.67±4.16 and 286.67±1.53 as well as 1 123.67±70.00 and 477.33±26.84, respectively, that were significantly lower than control group (P<0.05 for all). In addition, after treatment with 10 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib for 7 days on KYSE-150 and ECA-109, the colony formation rates were (65.12±25.48)%, (58.19±24.73)% and (29.10±22.40)% as well as (70.61±15.14)%, (61.12±17.21)% and (43.09±11.13)%, respectively. The colony formation rates of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib treatment groups were significantly lower than control group (100.00±0.00, P<0.05). The cell cycle ratio of G₂/M phase and apoptosis rate of control group and 20 μmol/L apatinib group in KYSE-150 cells were (12.14±2.13)% and (3.49±0.74)% as well as (26.27±3.30)% and (15.65±1.54)%, respectively. The corresponding ratios in ECA-109 cells were (3.44±0.57)% and (6.31±1.43)% as well as (22.64±2.36)% and (49.26±1.62)%, respectively. The results show that apatinib suppressed cell cycle progression at G₂/M phase and induced cell apoptosis in both KYSE-150 and ECA-109 cells (P<0.05 for all). In the presence of 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 cells, the relative levels of VEGF mRNA were (42.57±10.43)% and (25.69±1.24)%, and those of VEGF-2 mRNA were (36.09±10.82)% and (13.99±6.54)%, which were all significantly decreased compared to control group (100.00±0.00, P<0.05 for all). For ECA-109 cells, the relative expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 showed similar tendency (P<0.05 for all). Moreover, after treatment with 20 μmol/L and 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 cells, the VEGF concentrations were (766.48±114.27) pg/ml and (497.40±102.18)pg/ml, which were significantly decreased compared to control group [(967.41±57.75) pg/ml, P<0.05)]. The results in ECA-109 were consistent (P<0.05). Furthermore, after treatment with 40 μmol/L of apatinib in KYSE-150 and ECA-109, the relative expression of p-MEK and p-ERK were 0.49±0.05 and 0.28±0.03 as well as 0.63±0.03 and 1.22±0.15, which were significantly lower than control group (1.23±0.19 and 0.66±0.07 as well as 1.03±0.20 and 1.76±0.20; P<0.05). The relative expression of STAT3, p-STAT3 in control group and experimental group were 0.96±0.15 and 0.85±0.16 as well as 0.62±0.09 and 0.36±0.13, respectively. The results showed that the protein levels of STAT3 and p-STAT3 were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05 for all). The inhibition rates of apatinib in xenograft nude mice were 29.25% and 19.96% for 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups. The concentration of VEGF were (25.11±4.12) pg/ml, (16.40±2.81) pg/ml and (15.04±4.88)pg/ml for control, 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups, respectively. Conclusions Apatinib can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and suppress migration of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect was mainly mediated via the alterations of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Objective To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of apatinib in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The esophageal cancer cells, KYSE?150 and ECA?109, were divided into control group and apatinib treatment group at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μmol／L respectively. All of experiments were performed in triplicate. MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration capacity. The effect of apatinib on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of VEGF and VEGFR?2 was measured by real?time quantitative PCR (qRT?PCR). The concentration of VEGF in the cell supernatant was assessed by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of MEK, ERK, p?MEK, p?ERK, JAK2, STAT3 and p?STAT3 after VEGF stimulation were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the nude mice xenograft model was established. The tumor?bearing mice were randomly divided into control group, apatinib low dose treatment group (250 mg) and apatinib high dose treatment group (500 mg), respectively.Tumor inhibition rates of different groups were calculated.And then the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected in xenograft tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Results In the presence of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib for 24 hours, the migration cell numbers of KYSE?150 and ECA?109 were 428.67±4.16 and 286.67±1.53 as well as 1 123.67±70.00 and 477.33± 26.84, respectively, that were significantly lower than control group ( P＜0.05 for all). In addition, after treatment with 10 μmol／L, 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib for 7 days on KYSE?150 and ECA?109, the colony formation rates were ( 65.12± 25.48)%, ( 58.19± 24.73)% and (29.10± 22.40)% as well as (70.61±15.14)%, (61.12±17.21)% and (43.09±11.13)%, respectively. The colony formation rates of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib treatment groups were significantly lower than control group (100.00±0.00, P＜0.05). The cell cycle ratio of G2／M phase and apoptosis rate of control group and 20 μmol／L apatinib group in KYSE?150 cells were (12.14±2.13)% and (3.49±0.74)% as well as (26.27±3.30)% and (15.65± 1.54)%, respectively. The corresponding ratios in ECA?109 cells were (3.44±0.57)% and (6.31±1.43)%as well as (22.64±2.36)% and (49.26± 1.62)%, respectively. The results show that apatinib suppressed cell cycle progression at G2／M phase and induced cell apoptosis in both KYSE?150 and ECA?109 cells (P＜0.05 for all). In the presence of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 cells, the relative levels of VEGF mRNA were (42.57± 10.43)% and ( 25.69± 1.24)%, and those of VEGF?2 mRNA were (36.09±10.82)% and (13.99±6.54)%, which were all significantly decreased compared to control group (100.00±0.00, P＜0.05 for all). For ECA?109 cells, the relative expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 showed similar tendency (P＜0.05 for all). Moreover, after treatment with 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 cells, the VEGF concentrations were ( 766.48± 114.27) pg／ml and ( 497.40± 102.18) pg／ml, which were significantly decreased compared to control group [(967.41± 57.75) pg／ml, P＜0.05)]. The results in ECA?109 were consistent (P＜0.05). Furthermore, after treatment with 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 and ECA?109, the relative expression of p?MEK and p?ERK were 0.49±0.05 and 0.28±0.03 as well as 0.63±0.03 and 1.22±0.15, which were significantly lower than control group (1.23±0.19 and 0.66± 0.07 as well as 1.03±0.20 and 1.76±0.20; P＜0.05). The relative expression of STAT3, p?STAT3 in control group and experimental group were 0.96 ± 0.15 and 0.85 ± 0.16 as well as 0.62 ± 0.09 and 0.36 ± 0.13, respectively. The results showed that the protein levels of STAT3 and p?STAT3 were significantly lower than the control group (P＜0.05 for all). The inhibition rates of apatinib in xenograft nude mice were 29.25% and 19.96% for 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups. The concentration of VEGF were (25.11±4.12) pg／ml, (16.40 ± 2.81) pg／ml and ( 15.04 ± 4.88) pg／ml for control, 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups, respectively. Conclusions Apatinib can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and suppress migration of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect was mainly mediated via the alterations of Ras／Raf／MEK／ERK pathway and JAK2／STAT3 pathway.

Objective To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of apatinib in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods The esophageal cancer cells, KYSE?150 and ECA?109, were divided into control group and apatinib treatment group at the concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μmol／L respectively. All of experiments were performed in triplicate. MTT and colony formation assays were used to measure cell proliferation. Transwell assay was used to determine the migration capacity. The effect of apatinib on cell cycle and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of VEGF and VEGFR?2 was measured by real?time quantitative PCR (qRT?PCR). The concentration of VEGF in the cell supernatant was assessed by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of MEK, ERK, p?MEK, p?ERK, JAK2, STAT3 and p?STAT3 after VEGF stimulation were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the nude mice xenograft model was established. The tumor?bearing mice were randomly divided into control group, apatinib low dose treatment group (250 mg) and apatinib high dose treatment group (500 mg), respectively.Tumor inhibition rates of different groups were calculated.And then the expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 were detected in xenograft tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Results In the presence of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib for 24 hours, the migration cell numbers of KYSE?150 and ECA?109 were 428.67±4.16 and 286.67±1.53 as well as 1 123.67±70.00 and 477.33± 26.84, respectively, that were significantly lower than control group ( P＜0.05 for all). In addition, after treatment with 10 μmol／L, 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib for 7 days on KYSE?150 and ECA?109, the colony formation rates were ( 65.12± 25.48)%, ( 58.19± 24.73)% and (29.10± 22.40)% as well as (70.61±15.14)%, (61.12±17.21)% and (43.09±11.13)%, respectively. The colony formation rates of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib treatment groups were significantly lower than control group (100.00±0.00, P＜0.05). The cell cycle ratio of G2／M phase and apoptosis rate of control group and 20 μmol／L apatinib group in KYSE?150 cells were (12.14±2.13)% and (3.49±0.74)% as well as (26.27±3.30)% and (15.65± 1.54)%, respectively. The corresponding ratios in ECA?109 cells were (3.44±0.57)% and (6.31±1.43)%as well as (22.64±2.36)% and (49.26± 1.62)%, respectively. The results show that apatinib suppressed cell cycle progression at G2／M phase and induced cell apoptosis in both KYSE?150 and ECA?109 cells (P＜0.05 for all). In the presence of 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 cells, the relative levels of VEGF mRNA were (42.57± 10.43)% and ( 25.69± 1.24)%, and those of VEGF?2 mRNA were (36.09±10.82)% and (13.99±6.54)%, which were all significantly decreased compared to control group (100.00±0.00, P＜0.05 for all). For ECA?109 cells, the relative expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 showed similar tendency (P＜0.05 for all). Moreover, after treatment with 20 μmol／L and 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 cells, the VEGF concentrations were ( 766.48± 114.27) pg／ml and ( 497.40± 102.18) pg／ml, which were significantly decreased compared to control group [(967.41± 57.75) pg／ml, P＜0.05)]. The results in ECA?109 were consistent (P＜0.05). Furthermore, after treatment with 40 μmol／L of apatinib in KYSE?150 and ECA?109, the relative expression of p?MEK and p?ERK were 0.49±0.05 and 0.28±0.03 as well as 0.63±0.03 and 1.22±0.15, which were significantly lower than control group (1.23±0.19 and 0.66± 0.07 as well as 1.03±0.20 and 1.76±0.20; P＜0.05). The relative expression of STAT3, p?STAT3 in control group and experimental group were 0.96 ± 0.15 and 0.85 ± 0.16 as well as 0.62 ± 0.09 and 0.36 ± 0.13, respectively. The results showed that the protein levels of STAT3 and p?STAT3 were significantly lower than the control group (P＜0.05 for all). The inhibition rates of apatinib in xenograft nude mice were 29.25% and 19.96% for 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups. The concentration of VEGF were (25.11±4.12) pg／ml, (16.40 ± 2.81) pg／ml and ( 15.04 ± 4.88) pg／ml for control, 250 mg and 500 mg treatment groups, respectively. Conclusions Apatinib can inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and suppress migration of esophageal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect was mainly mediated via the alterations of Ras／Raf／MEK／ERK pathway and JAK2／STAT3 pathway.

Biomedical Research ; ethics ; Humans ; Microbiota ; Research Design ; standards

Objective:To explore combined detection of mad2 with anti-nuclear mitotic spindle apparatus antibody(MSA)and anti-centromere antibody(ACA)and their clinical value for the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer(SCLC).Methods:One hundred and twen-ty SCLC patients,110 non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)patients,and 115 pulmonary nodule(PN)patients were enrolled in this study. The expression of mad2 was analyzed by qt-PCR.MSA and ACA were detected by indirect immunofluorescence(IIF)staining.Results:mad2 was overexpressed in SCLC and NSCLC samples(P<0.05).There were significant differences between the results obtained for SCLC and NSCLC samples by qt-PCR(P<0.05).AUC in ROC curve for mad2 expression was 0.799 with an intermediate diagnostic value. In the correlative analysis,the odds ratio of MSA and ACA was 6.94 and 5.60,respectively.In the correlation analysis,Kappa value of mad2 with MSA was 0.49,and Kappa value of mad2 with ACA was 0.42.In the parallel analysis,the sensitivity and specificity was 83.31% and 79.34%,respectively,while the Youden Index was 0.62.Moreover,in the serial analysis,the sensitivity and specificity was 65.32% and 93.35%,respectively,and the Youden Index was 0.59.Conclusions:In comparison with the NSCLC and PN samples,mad2 was overexpressed in SCLC samples.Therefore,mad2 ought to play a critical role in the pathology of SCLC.The combined expression of mad2 with MSA and ACA may contribute to enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of detection;this expression may allow early diag-nosis and clinical diagnosis of SLCC and may be a promising treatment for SCLC.

Objective To evaluate the radiosensitivity effects of apatinib on the esophageal cancer cell line ECA-109 and its cancer stem-like cells,and to investigate the underlying mechanism.Methods A serum-free medium (SFM) was used to culture esophageal cancer stem cell line ECA-109 and enrich the esophageal stem-like spheres.ECA-109 and its stem-like cells were divided into control group,drug treatment group,radiation group and drug plus radiation group.Cell proliferations of ECA-109 and its stem-like cells were detected with CCK-8 method.The concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cell culture medium was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry method.The expressions of CHK2 and P-STAT3 proteins were detected by Western blot assay.Results With the administration with apatinib for 24,48 and 72 h,the half of the inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ECA-109 stem-like cells was significantly higher than that of the parent cells (t =8.17,9.29,18.85,P ＜ 0.05) in a time dependent manner (parental cells:r2 =0.94-0.97,P ＜0.05;stem-like cells:r2 =0.94-0.98,P ＜0.05).After administration with different concentrations of apatinib (parental cells:10 and 20 μmol/L;stem-like cells:30 and 40 μmol/L) combined with different dose of X-rays (6 and 8 Gy),the proliferations of ECA-109 and its stem-like cells were significantly (t =5.20-39.68,P ＜ 0.05) inhibited compared with radiation alone group.VEGF secretion from both ECA-109 cells and its stem like cells were significantly decreased in different manner (t =7.45,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,the cell apoptosis rate and the percentages of cells in G2/M phase were significantly increased in drug plus radiation group (t =8.83,11.59,P ＜ 0.05),and the expressions of CHK2 and P-STAT3 were decreased in drug group (t =3.36,4.10,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with radiation group,the expressions of CHK2 and P-STAT3 were decreased in drug plus radiation group (t =9.05,2.36,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Apatinib enhanced the radiosensitivity of ECA-109 cells and its stem-like cells,which was much more effective on ECA-109 cells and may be related to the radiation-induced inhibition of VEGF signal pathway that can further inhibit cell proliferation,promote cell apoptosis and induce cell cycle redistribution.The higher intrinsic level of VEGF protein may contribute to radioresistance of ECA-109 stem-like cells.

Objective To investigate the clinical diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin(PCT),D-dimer (DD),C-reactive protein(CRP)in acute-on-chronic liver failure(ACLF). Methods 124 ACLF patients, 63 chronic hepatitis B patients,32 chronic hepatitis C patients,24 chronic hepatitis E patients and 60 healthy controls from the second affiliated hospital of Nanchang University were enrolled in this study.PCT was detected by a sandwish immunodetection method. D-dimer was detected by Latex Turbidimetry. CRP was detected by rate nephenometry. The detection results were used for analyzing the clinical diagnostic value of ACLF with infection. Results(1)The level of PCT,DD and CRP in ACLF group were significantly higher than non-ACLF group and healthy controls(P<0.05).The levels of PCT,DD and CRP in the infection group were significantly higher than non-infection group(P<0.05).(2)The positive rates of PCT,DD and CRP in the infection group were 93.24%, 78.38%,89.19%,which were significantly higher than the non-infection group and healthy controls respectively (P < 0.05).(3)The sensitivity(93.24%)and specificity(90.00%)of PCT were the highest among all indexes. (4)The area under the ROC curve of PCT,DD,CRP were 0.892,0.715,0.755,respectively.PCT had the highest diagnostic value. Conclusion The levels of serum PCT,DD and CRP have a significant clinical value for the early diagnosis of ACLF with infection.