Cross-border collaboration in global health education and training is crucial for effectively addressing global health challenges. Universities in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Thailand offer various forms of global health education and training, including dual or joint degree programs, exchange programs, and international elective courses or field courses, all with clear characteristics of cross-border collaborative education. Chinese Universities should put emphasis on establishing cooperation mechanisms with foreign institutions, building platforms for cross-border collaboration in global health education and training, and strengthening faculty development in this process. Moreover, it is necessary to develop cross-border collaborative education and training programs and leverage modern information technologies to advance the development of global health cross-border collaborative education and training and the cultivation of talents.

Medical schools in the United Kingdom are fully aware of the importance of global health education in cul-tivating future medical talents.Global health education has been integrated into medical education and with novo cur-riculum and implementation of smart teaching technology.The medical schools constantly update and improve learning outcomes of global health curriculum and achieved the goal of education reformation.Drawing on the relevant experi-ence from the U.K.,China should steadily develop global health education for medical students,strengthen the con-struction of global health courses and degree programs,enhance medical students'global health competence,and at-tach importance to the cultivation of high-level global health professionals.

ObjectiveTo assess the efficiency of a Sophora flavescens Ait (S. flavescens, Ku Shen)-soluble microneedle (SFA-MN) for improving skin lesion symptoms in mice with psoriasis.MethodsSFA-MNs were prepared using a two-mold molding process with 20% w/v polyvinylpyrrolidone and 15% w/v polyvinyl alcohol. The SFA-MNs were assessed for morphology, mechanical properties, in vitro dissolution, identification of components, and skin lesion improvement in imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice.ResultsThe SFA-MNs demonstrated good mechanical properties for efficiently penetrating the dermis, facilitating efficient drug delivery. Furthermore, they effectively inhibited mast cell levels in the dorsal lesion area of psoriasis mice and reduced the expression of the T-lymphocyte factor cluster of differentiation 3 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, this system alleviated skin inflammation, splenic swelling, and thymic atrophy in the psoriasis-like mouse model. Seven major components were detected from SFA-MNs by comparison of the mass-to-nucleus ratios (m/z) of the secondary fragments N-methylcytisine, 5α, 9α-dihydroxymatrine, sophoramine, matrine, oxysophocarpine, oxymatrine, and kushenol O.ConclusionThe drug delivery strategy combining traditional herbal S. flavescens with soluble microneedle technology provides more targeted and effective immune regulation for treating psoriasis-like mice models, enabling enhanced therapeutic effects compared with the control group.

Cross-border collaboration in global health education and training is crucial for effectively addressing global health challenges. Universities in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Thailand offer various forms of global health education and training, including dual or joint degree programs, exchange programs, and international elective courses or field courses, all with clear characteristics of cross-border collaborative education. Chinese Universities should put emphasis on establishing cooperation mechanisms with foreign institutions, building platforms for cross-border collaboration in global health education and training, and strengthening faculty development in this process. Moreover, it is necessary to develop cross-border collaborative education and training programs and leverage modern information technologies to advance the development of global health cross-border collaborative education and training and the cultivation of talents.

Global health education is a field of education that focuses on health issues directly or indirectly caused by transnational factors. At present, rapid progress has been made in global health education, and universities in foreign countries are establishing educational institutions and providing various forms of education, including degree programs, and non-degree programs. Furthermore, many measures have been taken to support the development of global health education, such as financial supports and credit recognition. Learning from the international experience, China should support and promote the development of global health education during the reform of medical education, strengthen the construction of global health education institutions at universities, encourage various forms of educational activities, and enhance the internationalization of global health education.

Objective:To provide evidences on optimizing enrollment work of medical universities through identifying main factors that students considered when choosing medical universities.Methods:A Web-based questionnaire survey of 2 526 newly admitted health professions students were conducted by general survey. The questionnaire was self-designed according to literature and enrollment work practices, mainly including the basic information of students, the main influencing factors for choosing universities and majors, and the needs of enrollment promotion. Descriptive analysis, and Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact tests were conducted to analyze the data using Stata SE 14.0.Results:A total of 2 384 students participated in the survey, leading to a response rate of 94.38% (2 384/2 526). When selecting universities to study, the first five ranked factors were comprehensive strength of university, graduates' employability and university employment support, strength of distinctive disciplines, university culture, and opportunities for scientific research training. Participants who chose "very important" or "important" for these factors accounted for 94.25% (2 247/2 384), 90.52% (2 158/2 384), 89.77% (2 140/2 384), 89.26% (2 128/2 384), and 88.21% (2 103/2 384), respectively. Meanwhile, different types of participants attached different importance to these factors.Conclusions:Although enrollment strategies play an important role in enrollment competition, their effectiveness root in comprehensive university strength. The collaboration between universities and high schools should be enhanced in order to provide lectures and guidance on high school students' cognition of medical career in advance. The focus of enrollment advertising should match information appeals of different types of students. Furthermore, methods that meet the characteristics of high school students should be utilized to substantively promote the effect of enrollment advertising.

【Objective】 To analyze the correlation between the expressions of CD10,CA9 and CD133 and the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma (mccRCC) treated with sorafenib or sunitinib. 【Methods】 A total of 80 mccRCC patients who received sorafenib or sunitinib as first-line therapy were retrospectively enrolled. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was performed for CD10,CA9 and CD133 in tumor tissue samples to analyze the correlation between the expression of each marker and clinicopathologic variables. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk models were used to analyze prognostic factors of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS),and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed for CA9 expression and PFS,OS in the treatment subgroups. 【Results】 Altogether 37 patients (46.25%) had PFS,and the median PFS (mPFS) was 24.9 months (95%CI:16.5-33.2 months),while 55 patients (68.75%) died and the median OS (mOS) was 44.2 months (95%CI:14.6-73.7). Low expression of CD10 was correlated with high Fuhrman grade (χ²=6.241,P=0.012),lymph node metastasis (χ²=5.952,P=0.015),and the number of metastatic organs ≥2 (χ²=8.205,P=0.004). Univariate analysis showed that Fuhrman grade,number of metastatic organs and lymph node metastasis were the prognostic factors of PFS (P<0.05),while the number of metastatic organs,lymph node metastasis and CA9 expression were the prognostic factors of OS (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that Fuhrman grade was an independent factor of PFS (HR=2.457,95%CI:1.126-5.365,P=0.024),and the number of metastatic organs was an independent prognostic factor of OS (HR=1.857,95%CI:1.048-3.290,P=0.034). Survival analysis in subgroups showed that high CA9 expression in the sorafenib group was associated with longer OS (HR=0.401,95%CI:0.204-0.787,P=0.008). 【Conclusion】 Low expression of CA9 is an non-independent risk factor for OS,while CD10 and CD133 cannot be used as prognostic factors for mccRCC patients. Since mccRCC patients with low CA9 expression have less survival benefit from sorafenib and sunitinib,they can choose target therapy combined with immunotherapy or dual immunotherapy according to the guidelines to improve prognosis.

Objective:To analyze employment status and its tendency of eight-year program clinical medical graduates and explore its implications to talent cultivation using employment data from a university in Beijing.Methods:Descriptive analysis was used in this study. Indicators that were analyzed included quantity of employment, employment rate, employment region and specialty.Results:Between 2009 and 2021, a total of 2 281 eight-year clinical medical students graduated in the university. Among them, 2 188 (96.0%) of them were employed in the year of graduation. On average, 90.8% (2 034/2 241) of them were employed by medical institutions although the percentage decreased over years. A majority of them chose to work in economically developed provinces of eastern China. Those chose to work in Beijing accounted for 78.7% (1 723/2 188), the highest percentage among all provinces. The top two specialties of choice were surgery and internal medicine, which respectively accounted for 33.0% (753/2 281) and 24.4% (557/2 281). Only a few of them chose to study some specialties that were challenged by a serious shortage of physicians, including pediatrics, mental diseases and mental health.Conclusion:Although the employment status of eight-year clinical medical graduates are good, it is still necessary to pay attention to the new tendency of employment, and further improve training scheme. Meanwhile, more guidance on choice of secondary specialties are needed to build a competent talent team for specialty development. Finally, education of curriculum iedology and politics should be strengthened to encourage them to work in specialties and remote provinces that face a serious shortage of physicians.

The number of dental schools increased from 55 in 2000 to 66 in 2019 in the United States. The number of public, private, and private-state-related dental schools were 40, 22 and 4, respectively. A majority of them were located in most developed areas, such as western, eastern, and southern regions of the country. In the same period, the number of freshman enrollees rose from 4 234 to 6 231 while the average of enrollees kept under 100. On the basis of learning relevant experiences of the United States, it might be necessary for China to expand the overall scale of stomatology education in order to address the shortage of dentists, take measures to increase the number of stomatology schools and improve their distribution, and control the number of enrollees per school to enhance the quality of education.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety between WangShiBaoChiWan and mosapride in the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD).Methods:From September 2019 to September 2020, patients with postprandial fullness and early satiation who met the Rome Ⅳ criteria for FD diagnosis were enrolled from 15 hospitals, including the First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changhai Hospital), Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical College. The subjects were randomly divided into WangShiBaoChiWan (experimental) group and mosapride (control) group in the ratio of 1∶1. The treatment regimens were WangShiBaoChiWan+ mosapride simulator, WangShiBaoChiWan simulator+ mosapride, respectively with a treatment period of 2 weeks. The primary efficacy outcome was the improvement rates of main symptoms before and after treatment, the secondary efficacy primary efficacy outcome was the total clinical effective rate and the change of the single symptom score. And the safety indicator included adverse events. Independent sample t-test, paired t-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 251 FD patients were enrolled in the full analysis set, including 124 in the experimental group and 127 in the control group; 241 FD patients were in the per-protocol analysis set, including 117 in the experimental group and 124 in the control group. The analysis of per-protocol analysis set showed that the improvement rates of the main symptoms of the experimental group and the control group were (66±29)% and (60±30)%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The improvement rate of the main symptoms of the experimental group reached 117% of that of the control group, which exceeded the expected non-inferiority standard of 80%. The total clinical effective rates of the experimental group and the control group were 76.07% (89/117) and 75.81% (94/124), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The results of full analysis set showed that the incidence of adverse events of the experimental group and the control group was 1.62% (2/124) and 1.57% (2/127), respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). There were no serious adverse events in the two groups. Conclusion:The improvement rate of the main symptoms of WangShiBaoChiWan is not inferior to that of mosapride in the treatment of FD, and it has good safety.