Glucagon like peptide-1(GLP-1) is a category of peptide secreted by intestine. The finding of GLP-1 was originated from the observation of "Incretin" phenomenon in 1960s. Besides lowering plasma glucose, GLP-1 can protect pancreas,improve cardiovascular outcome,and play a role in regulating appetite,as well as lower body weight. Given that food intake regulation mechanism modulated by GLP-1 remains uncertain,it is postulated that the central nervous system has played a vital role in this mechanism. In the present review,we focused on the following aspects about central nervous system's role in GLP-1's regulation of appetite:(1)The brain nuclei related to appetite regulation;(2) The brain nuclei related to blood glucose regulation; (3) The brain nuclei related to food intake reward behavior;(4) the role of food-related peptides and GLP-1;(5) How the GLP-1 receptor expression nuclei regulates the food intake.

Objective To investigate the value of cough peak expiratory flow rate ( PEF) for the prediction of machine with-drawal in children with acute respiratory failure.Methods Eighty-five severe cases of acute respiratory failure in children were admit-ted into our hospital from September, 2010 to September, 2012, including 48 male and 37 female cases, with an age range of 2-6 years.In accordance with the necessity of endotracheal intubation 48 hours after removal of the ventilator, the patients were designated as the success group (71 cases) and the failure group (14 cases) .Differences in general clinical data, pulmonary function, blood-gas analysis results and PEF values before removal of the ventilator were compared between the 2 groups.The ROC curve was used to calcu-late Az value and evaluate the predicative value of PEF in the removal of the ventilator.Results With respect to the general medical data of the success and failure groups before removal of the ventilator, there was no statistical significance in age, gender, pediatric ill-ness scores, causes of illness, rate of lower respiratory tract infection and mechanical ventilation time, when comparisons were made be-tween the 2 groups(P>0.05).No statistical significance could be noted in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), tidal volume ( Vt) , minute ventilation( MV) , mean airway pressure( MAP) , pH value, PaO2 , PaCO2 and PaO2/FiO2 , before removal of the venti-lator, when comparisons were made between the 2 group(P>0.05).Before removal of the ventilator, PEF value of the success group was(46.3 ±8.2)L/min, which was significantly higher than that of the failure group(37.6 ±7.4)L/min, with statistical significance (P<0.05).Az value used to predict the results of ventilator removal was 0.890, and the optimal PEF value used for the prediction of ventilator removal was 40.6 L/min.Conclusion PEF value used for the prediction of ventilator removal was accurate to some extent
and could be used as a clinical evidence for ventilator removal.

Fifty two adult male rats were selected for the investigation the adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of rat heart by means of histochemical demonstration of catecholamine fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE). Consecutive method was employed on the same section to demonstration the relation between the distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in various parts of rat heart, e. g. atrium, ventricular myocardium, valves, epicardium, endocardium, atrioventricular node and coronary arteries. Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals innervated all parts dually. By comparing the photographs demonstrating the fluorescence CA and AChE on the same section treated by the consecutive method, we found that the location, the density and morphology of both types of nerve terminals were more like. In other words, under light microscopy the localization of both terminals can hardly be distinguished from each other. Such kind of morphological relation may strongly support the results of interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in physiological and pharmacological experiments of heart.In the cardiac ganglia there are some small intense fluorescence ceils (SIF-cells) lying besides the postganglionic cholinergic cells of the parasympathetic nervous system. Both kinds of cells were shown in close contact with each other in the same section with consecutive method. This morphological relation provided an evidence that catecholamine containing SIF-cells may control and regulate the neurotransmission of parasympathetic cholinergic neurons.