This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

The most common site of bone metastasis in advanced bladder cancer is spine，and jaw metastasis is rare. This article reports a 77-year-old male patient who had a solitary metastatic lesion in the left jaw 1 year after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. The pathological features of the metastasis were consistent with bladder urothelial carcinoma metastasis. The patient received a GC regimen combined with toripalimab immunotherapy for 4 cycles，followed by maintenance of immunotherapy and anti-bone metastasis protection therapy. No new metastasis was found during the 6-month follow-up.

This consensus was developed by the Orthodontic Society of the Chinese Stomatological Association to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical guideline for informed consent in orthodontic care. Orthodontic treatment is typically lengthy, highly individualized, and involves multiple factors such as growth and development, occlusal function, and facial esthetics. Rapid technological advances and diverse risk profiles make the traditional reliance on orthodontist experience or institutional templates insufficient to ensure patients′ full understanding and autonomous decision-making. To address this, the expert panel conducted extensive reviews of domestic and international guidelines, analyzed representative dispute cases, and performed multicenter patient-clinician surveys. Using a multi-round Delphi method, the group established a standardized informed consent framework covering the initial consultation, treatment, and retention phases. The consensus emphasizes that informed consent is not only a fundamental legal and ethical requirement but also a key step in building trust, improving patient compliance, and enhancing treatment satisfaction. Orthodontists should clearly and comprehensively explain treatment plans, potential risks, uncertainties, and associated costs, while respecting the autonomy of patients or guardians, and maintain continuous communication and dynamic evaluation throughout the treatment process. The release of this consensus provides unified and authoritative guidance for clinical orthodontics, helping to standardize informed consent, enhance its transparency, safeguard patient rights, reduce medical risks, and promote high-quality, sustainable development of orthodontic practice.

The most common site of bone metastasis in advanced bladder cancer is spine，and jaw metastasis is rare. This article reports a 77-year-old male patient who had a solitary metastatic lesion in the left jaw 1 year after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. The pathological features of the metastasis were consistent with bladder urothelial carcinoma metastasis. The patient received a GC regimen combined with toripalimab immunotherapy for 4 cycles，followed by maintenance of immunotherapy and anti-bone metastasis protection therapy. No new metastasis was found during the 6-month follow-up.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect and safety of Jiuxin Pill （救心丸） on exercise tolerance and quality of life in patients with stable angina pectoris （SAP）. MethodsA randomised， double-blind， placebo-controlled， multicentre study design was used to enroll 170 patients of SAP from nine centres， which were divided into 85 patients each in the trial group and control group with 1∶1 ratio. Both groups maintained the original western medicine treatment plan， and added Jiuxin Pill or placebo respectively， 2 pills （0.05 g） each time twicely for 28 days. The main outcomes were total exercise time （TED） in the exercise treadmill test and Seattle Angina Questionnaire （SAQ） scores including physical limitation （PL）， angina stability （AS）， angina frequency （AF）， treatment satisfaction （TS）， and disease perception （DP）. The secondary outcomes were exercise treadmill test indicators including heart rate recovery in 1 min （HRR1）， metabolic equivalents （METs）， maximum magnitude of ST-segment depression， and the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale， the average number of angina attacks per week， withdrawal and reduction rate of nitroglycerin， traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores， incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events. Safety indicators were evaluated and the occurrence of adverse events during the trial was recorded. Data was collected before treatment， day 28±2 in treatment period， and follow-up at day 56 which is 28±2 days after treatment period finished. ResultsEighty-four and eighty-five patients respectively from trial group and control group were included to the full analysis set （FAS） and safety analysis set （SS）. Compared with the group before treatment and with the control group after treatment， the trial group had higher TED， HRR1， and METs， and lower maximum magnitude of ST-segment depression and Borg rating of perceived exertion scores after treatment （P＜0.01）. Compared with the group before treatment and with the control group after treatment and at follow-up， the total SAQ score and scores of AS， AF， TS and DP of the trial group after treatment and at follow-up elevated， while the average number of angina attacks per week and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome scores reduced （P＜0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference in the withdrawal and reduction rate of nitroglycerin between groups （P＞0.05）. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 1 case （1/84， 1.19%） in the trial group and 1 case （1/85， 1.18%） in the control group， and the difference between groups was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. A total of 3 cases of adverse events occurred in the trial group （3/84， 3.57%）， and a total of 6 cases of adverse events occurred in the control group （6/85， 7.06%）， and there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between groups （P＞0.05）. ConclusionIn the treatment of SAP， Jiuxin Pill combined with conventional western medicine can further enhance exercise tolerance， improve quality of life， and demonstrate great safety.

Objective:To investigate the effect and mechanism of Grifola frondosa extract on inflammatory response of colon tissue in rats with ulcerative colitis(UC)by regulating interleukin-6(IL-6)/Janus kinase 2(JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)signaling pathway.Methods:Forty SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group,UC model group,Grifola frondosa treatment group,western medicine treatment group and combined treatment group,with 8 rats in each group.After UC rats were established by free drinking 3%DSS for 7 days,the treatment group were given Grifola frondosa extract 10 mg/(kg·d),sulfasalazine 0.3 g/(kg·d),and the same amount of two drugs,for 14 consecutive days.During the experiment,general state of rats were observed,and the disease activity index(DAI)score was calculated;pathological changes of rats colon tissue were observed by HE staining;protein expression levels of IL-6,JAK2,STAT3 and p-STAT3 in rats colon tissue were detected by Western blot;content of IL-6 in rats serum was detected by ELISA;protein contents and expressions of IL-6R and MPO in rats colon tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry.Results:Compared with blank control group,general state of rats in UC model group was poor,DAI score was increased,obvious tissue mucosal defects and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed by HE staining;protein expression levels of IL-6,JAK2,STAT3 and p-STAT3 in rats colon tissue and contents of IL-6R and MPO were significantly increased(P<0.01);content of IL-6 in rats serum was significantly increased(P<0.01),the difference was statistically significant.Compared with UC model group,general condition of rats in each treatment group was improved,DAI score was decreased,HE staining showed that mucosal defects were improved to varying degrees,and occasionally inflammatory cell infiltration was observed;protein expression levels of IL-6,JAK2,STAT3 and p-STAT3 in colon tissue were significantly decreased(P<0.01),contents of IL-6R and MPO in colon tissue and content of IL-6 in serum were significantly decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05),the differences were statistically significant.Conclusion:Grifola frondosa extract can reduce the inflammatory response in colon tissue of UC rats by regulating expressions of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway related factors.

Objective To explore the effects of Shenqi Fuzheng injection on the apoptosis of xenograft cells and expression of B-cell lym-phoma-2 (Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax),and cleaved caspase-3 proteins in cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods An A549/DDP xenograft model was constructed using BALB/c-nu nude mice as the research object. Nude mice were treated with normal saline,cisplatin,Shenqi Fuzheng injection,low-dose Shenqi Fuzheng injection combined with cisplatin,or high-dose Shenqi Fuzheng injection combined with cisplatin to observe xenograft growth. Ultrastructural changes in the tumor cells in each group were observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) . Apoptotic cells were visualized using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl trans-ferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax,Bcl-2,and cleaved caspase-3 in the xenograft tissue was measured using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) . Results Compared with the cisplatin group,the tumor volume was significantly reduced in the combination groups (P<0.05) . The TEM results showed that,compared with the cisplatin group,the cells in the cisplatin combined with Shenqi Fuzheng injection group exhibited overall edema,severe shrinkage,chromosomal aggregation,and a specific apoptotic morphology. TUNEL staining showed that,compared with the cisplatin group,the apoptotic rate of the cisplatin combined with Shenqi Fuzheng injection group increased (P<0.05) . The IHC and Western blotting results showed that the cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression levels were significantly higher in the combination group than in the cisplatin group,whereas Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated (P<0.05) . Conclusion Shenqi Fuzheng injection strengthens the antitumor sensitivity of cisplatin,and its mechanism of action may be related to the upregulation of Bax,downregulation of Bcl-2,and activation of cleaved caspase-3 to induce apoptosis.

Objective To explore the effects of Shenqi Fuzheng injection on the apoptosis of xenograft cells and expression of B-cell lym-phoma-2 (Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax),and cleaved caspase-3 proteins in cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods An A549/DDP xenograft model was constructed using BALB/c-nu nude mice as the research object. Nude mice were treated with normal saline,cisplatin,Shenqi Fuzheng injection,low-dose Shenqi Fuzheng injection combined with cisplatin,or high-dose Shenqi Fuzheng injection combined with cisplatin to observe xenograft growth. Ultrastructural changes in the tumor cells in each group were observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) . Apoptotic cells were visualized using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl trans-ferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression of the apoptosis-related proteins Bax,Bcl-2,and cleaved caspase-3 in the xenograft tissue was measured using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) . Results Compared with the cisplatin group,the tumor volume was significantly reduced in the combination groups (P<0.05) . The TEM results showed that,compared with the cisplatin group,the cells in the cisplatin combined with Shenqi Fuzheng injection group exhibited overall edema,severe shrinkage,chromosomal aggregation,and a specific apoptotic morphology. TUNEL staining showed that,compared with the cisplatin group,the apoptotic rate of the cisplatin combined with Shenqi Fuzheng injection group increased (P<0.05) . The IHC and Western blotting results showed that the cleaved caspase-3 and Bax expression levels were significantly higher in the combination group than in the cisplatin group,whereas Bcl-2 expression was down-regulated (P<0.05) . Conclusion Shenqi Fuzheng injection strengthens the antitumor sensitivity of cisplatin,and its mechanism of action may be related to the upregulation of Bax,downregulation of Bcl-2,and activation of cleaved caspase-3 to induce apoptosis.

Objective:To summarize and analyze the clinical data of Chinese patients with colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-related leukoencephalopathy, and clarify the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients.Methods:Medical history of patients with CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy diagnosed from April 1, 2018 to January 31, 2021 in the department of neurology of 22 hospitals in China was collected, and scores of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), magnetic resonance severity scale were evaluated. Group comparison was performed between male and female patients.Results:A total of 62 patients were included, and the male-female ratio was 1∶1.95. The age of onset was (40.35±8.42) years. Cognitive impairment (82.3%, 51/62) and motor symptoms (77.4%,48/62) were the most common symptoms. The MMSE and MoCA scores were 18.79±7.16 and 13.96±7.23, respectively, and the scores of two scales in male patients (22.06±5.31 and 18.08±5.60) were significantly higher than those in females (15.53±7.41 , t=2.954, P=0.006; 10.15±6.26, t=3.328 , P=0.003). The most common radiographic feature was bilateral asymmetric white matter changes (100.0%), and the magnetic resonance imaging severity scale score was 27.42±11.40, while the white matter lesion score of females (22.94±8.39) was significantly higher than that of males (17.62±8.74 , t=-2.221, P<0.05). A total of 36 CSF1R gene mutations were found in this study, among which c.2381T>C/p.I794T was the hotspot mutation that carried by 17.9% (10/56) of the probands. Conclusions:The core phenotypic characteristics of CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy in China are progressive motor and cognitive impairment, with bilateral asymmetrical white matter changes. In addition, there exist gender differences clinically, with severer cognitive impairment and imaging changes in female patients. Thirty-six CSF1R gene mutations were found in this study, and c.2381T>C/p. I794T was the hotspot mutation.

[摘 要] 目的： 探讨程序性死亡蛋白-配体1（programmed death ligand-1，PD-L1）和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, TIL）在三阴性乳腺癌（triple-negative breast cancer，TNBC）组织中的水平及其临床意义。方法：收集2015年1月至2019年1月福建医科大学附属第二医院手术切除的61例TNBC患者的癌及癌旁组织石蜡标本，用免疫组化法检测癌组织中PD-L1表达和CD8+ TIL的水平，用卡方检测方法分析TNBC组织中PD-L1和CD8+ TIL水平与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果： PD-L1和CD8+ TIL在TNBC组织中的阳性率分别为63.9%（39/61）和32.8%（20/61）。PD-L1表达与TNBC患者的肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、病理分期、复发与否有明显关联（均P<0.05），与患者的年龄、肿瘤分化程度、脉管侵犯以及Ki67表达水平无明显关联（均P>0.05）；CD8+ TIL水平与TNBC患者的肿瘤大小、肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移、病理分期、复发与否有明显关联（均P<0.05），与患者的年龄、脉管侵犯以及Ki67表达水平无明显关联（均P>0.05）。PD-L1和CD8+ TIL水平与患者的无进展生存期（PFS）及总生存期（OS）具有显著相关性（均P<0.05），PD-L1+或者缺乏CD8+ TIL与患者更差的PFS及OS相关（均P<0.05）。结论：TNBC组织中存在较高水平的PD-L1和CD8+ TIL，PD-L1阳性表达或缺乏CD8+ TIL与肿瘤侵袭性增加相关，也与患者更差的PFS及OS相关。