Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that recognizes multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. It is a cytoplasmic immune factor that responds to cellular stress signals, and it is usually activated after infection or inflammation, forming an NLRP3 inflammasome to protect the body. Aberrant NLRP3 inflammasome activation is reportedly associated with some inflammatory diseases and metabolic diseases. Recently, there have been mounting indications that NLRP3 inflammasomes play an important role in liver injuries caused by a variety of diseases, specifically hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. Herein, we summarize new research pertaining to NLRP3 inflammasomes in hepatic injury, hepatitis, and liver failure. The review addresses the potential mechanisms of action of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and its regulation in these liver diseases.
Humans ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Inflammasomes/physiology* ; Animals ; Liver Diseases/metabolism* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Reperfusion Injury/metabolism*

Objective:To summarize the institutional experiences of treating vascular complications caused by donor-derived infection(DDI)after kidney transplantation(KT).Methods:From January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020, clinical data were retrospectively reviewed for 6 cases of vascular complications caused by DDI.Age, gender, surgical approaches, immunity induction therapy, immune suppression therapy, infection prevention, onset time of complication, type of complications, infection pathogens, therapeutic protocols and prognoses were summarized.Results:Six patients developed vascular complications caused by DDI in 997 KT recipients with an overall morbidity rate of 0.6%.In 3 cases, carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae were positive in culture of secretion and blood samples.And Candida albicans was detected by blood cultures and pathological examinations.One case of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected by blood culture.Among 3 cases of transplant kidney artery pseudoaneurysm on interventional therapy, there were curing(1 case)and immediate recurrent infection(2 cases). The latter two eventually died by cardiac complications.In 2 cases of arterial hemorrhage, graft nephrectomy was followed by hemodialysis.One case of transplanted renal artery stenosis was successfully cured by artery stenting and survived with normal graft function so far.Conclusions:Interventional endovascular therapy and open surgery are indicated for vascular complications caused by DDI post-KT.Interventional therapy may boost the odds of rescuing transplant kidney.However, clinicians should watch out for the risk of recurrent infection.Open surgery is an effective tool of eliminating infected focus.Preserving transplant kidney or nephrectomy may be adopted on the basis of specific conditions.

Allografts ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology* ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects* ; SARS-CoV-2

Objective:To summarize the clinical experiences of managing patients with novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) infection after kidney transplantation.Methods:Clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for two patients with 2019-nCoV infection after renal transplantation in January 2020. Case 1 was a 48-year-old male with CMV pneumonia secondary to 2019-nCoV infection at 4 months post-transplantation. CT imaging showed multiple patchy ground-glass opacities of both lungs. Case 2 was a 59-year-old male who screened positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid due to fever at 9 days post-transplantation and he showed no clinical manifestations of pneumonia. After a definite diagnosis, case 1 was transferred to a designated hospital for isolation. Treatment regimens: cefoperazone sulbactam sodium plus linezolid for anti-infection, gamma globulin for enhancing immunity, methylprednisolone for controlling inflammatory responses and antiviral regimens of arbidol tablets plus lopina-velitonavir tablets. Case 2 was isolated in a single room. The treatment plan included cefoperazone sulbactam sodium for anti-infection, gamma globulin for enhancing immunity, arbidol for antiviral therapy and other symptomatic measures.Results:During a follow-up period of 3 weeks, case 1 recovered with renal dysfunction, nucleic acid test of nasopharyngeal swab turned negative and pulmonary imaging improved. Case 2 showed no obvious clinical symptoms and nucleic acid test of nasopharyngeal swab turned negative thrice.Conclusions:Renal transplant recipients should take precautions to avoid exposure to high-risk environments. A definite diagnosis should be made on the basis of clinical manifestations and results of nucleic acid test and pulmonary imaging. Currently there is no effective antiviral agent and symptomatic treatment is a major option.

Objective: To investigate the clinical experience of patients with novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) infection after kidney transplantation. Method: Clinical data of two patients with 2019-nCoV infection after renal transplantationin Jan 2020 Renmin Hospital of Wuhan Universiyt were retrospectively analyzed.Case 1 was a 48-year-old male with CMV pneumonia secondary to 2019-nCoV infection at 4 months after transplantation. CT imaging showed multiple patchy ground-glass images of both lungs. Case 2 was a 59-year-old male, who was screened positive for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid due to fever at 9 days after renal transplantation and showed no clinical manifestations of pneumonia. After diagnosis, case 1 was transferred to a designated hospital for isolation. Treatment regimens: cefoperazone sulbactam sodium + linezolid to resist infection, gamma globulin to enhance immunity function, methylprednisolone to control inflammatory response, antiviral regimens including arbidol tablets + lopina-velitonavir tablets. Case 2 was treated with isolated treatment in a single room. The treatment plan included anti-infection (cefoperazone sulbactam sodium), enhancing immunity function (gamma globulin), antivirus therapy with arbidol and other symptomatic treatment. Result: Follow up with 3 weeks, case 1 recovered with renal dysfunction, nucleic acid test with nasopharyngeal swabs turned negative, and pulmonary imaging improved. Case 2 showed no obvious clinical symptoms, and the nucleic acid test of nasopharyngeal swabs turned negative for 3 times. Conclusion Renal transplant recipients should receive fine protection to avoid exposure to high-risk environments. Diagnosis should be defined with combination of clinical manifestations, nucleic acid test and pulmonary imaging. At present, there are no antiviral drugs and symptomatic treatment is the main choice.

Objective: To explore the diagnosis and treatment of BKV nephropathy after renal transplantation. Methods: A total of 62 patients with progressive creatinine elevation were routinely examined by blood and urine BKV-DNA. And 21 patients with positive results underwent graft biopsies for confirming a diagnosis. Results: Among 21 cases of BKV infection, 20 cases received leflunomide in replacing mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and a lower dose of tacrolimus. One case with urine (-) & blood (+ ) received sirolimus in replacing tacrolimus and a lower dose of MMF. Among 11 cases with urine (+ ) and blood (-), urinary BKV-DNA turned negative & creatinine decreased markedly (n=4), urinary BKV-DNA load decreased & creatinine stablized (n=4), death from pulmonary infection with hepatic & renal failure (n=1), urine BKV-DNA load decreased & creatine increased (n=1), BKV–DNA load was not re-examined in 1 case of acute rejection and hydronephrosis with elevated creatine; Among 9 cases with urine (+ ) & blood (+ ), blood BKV-DNA turned negative with urinary BKV-DNA load & creatine decreased (n=6), blood BKV-DNA load decreased & creatine stablized (n=2) and no re-examination with a stable level of creatine (n=1); One case with urine (-) & blood (+ ) was not timely treated and ultimately leading to graft loss after an onset of acute rejection. Conclusions BKV nephropathy may be effectively treated by decreasing immunosuppressive intensity. However, clinicians should stay on a high alert for acute rejection due to an excessive reduction of immunosuppressive agents.

Objective To analyze the reasons and outcomes of the unplanned re-operation in renal transplant recipients during perioperative period,and to summarize the corresponding strategies.Methods From January 2014 to September 2017,the clinical data of 20 cases of kidney transplantation which had a total of 22 unplanned re-operations were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were given quadruple immunosuppression with antibody induction and tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) plus prednisone (Pred).We analyzed the reasons,occurrence time,effect of re-operation and the renal function,as well as survival rate of all graft and recipient.The delayed graft function (DGF),acute rejection (AR) and incidence of pulmonary infection were monitored as well.Results Up to September 2017,during the follow-up of 1-36 months,the overall rate of unplanned re-operation was 4.6％,and 2 patients underwent 3 operations.For the reasons of re-operation,there were 18 cases of bleeding (13 cases of blood oozing from the wound surface,3 cases of renal parenchyma rupture because of rejection,and 2 cases of rupture of renal artery infection),2 cases of renal artery thrombosis and 2 cases of the repair of leakage of urine.Two operations were performed within 1 days for 9 cases,2-5 days for 5 cases,6-10 days for 3 cases,above 10 days for 45 cases.There was no deaths during the perioperative period.One patient died of rupture of exiliac aneurysm 3 months after the operation.One patient died of cerebral hemorrhage 6 months postoperation.The death censored graft survival rate was 72.2％ (13/18) and the incidence of DGF was 55 ％.Conclusion The major reason of unplanned re-operation for renal transplantation is associated with bleeding of various causes.And the incidence of DGF is high.If the secondary operation was performed with the correct decision,the kidney allograft recovers well.

Objective To summarzie the experiences of kidney transplantation from rhabdomyolysis.Methods The surgical procedures and treatment protocols of the kidney transplantation in 3 cases from DD donors who suffered from anuria due to rhabdomyolysis were retrospectively analyzed.Results Three recipients were donated by two donors.When the blood of kidneys is washed out,the color of the kidneys was brown,and when the kidneys restored the blood perfusion,the transplanted kidneys were dark brown.All of these 3 cases had delayed renal function,and 2 recipients who received the kidneys from the same donor secreted the urine 3 weeks after surgery.The creatinine gradually decreased,and they discharged when the renal function was normal.The urine volume in the another recipient was 3000 ml or more per day in the first two days,gradually decreased from the third day,until anuria.We conducted an exploration of the transplanted kidney due to the area of transplantation uplift.We found that the kidney was bright red during the operation,the hematoma was removed and hemostasis was done,the urine volume gradually increased from one week after surgery,and the creatinine levels gradually decreased.After two months the creatinine levels were 103μmol/L.Conclusion For the patients with rhabdomyolysis,their kidneys can be transplanted after active preservation,evaluation of the donor kidney function and blood flow,and the short-term outcome is satisfactory.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of pretreatment with allopurinol on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)in rats.Methods Twenty four rats were randomly assigned into the sham operation (S), ischemia-reperfusion (IR)and allopurinol pretreatment (APC)groups (n =8 for each group).At preoperative 2 weeks, allopurinol at a dose of 50 mg/(kg·d)was administered via intraperitoneal injection in the APC group,and an equivalent quantity of physiological saline was given via intraperitoneal injection in the S and IR groups.After pretreatment,the right kidneys of rats in the S group were resected.In the IR and APC groups,the right kidneys were resected and the left kidneys were treated with 30 min ischemia-reperfusion.Blood sample was collected at 24 h after reperfusion and the kidney specimen was obtained at postoperative 2 weeks.The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)and serum creatinine (Scr)were detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer.The activity of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA)and superoxide dismutase (SOD)was respectively assessed by detection kits.The expression levels of Bax,Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 of rat kidney were measured by western blot.Pathological changes in the rat kidney were observed under light microscope.Cell apoptosis of rat kidney was evaluated by TdT mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).Results Compared with the S group,the levels of BUN, Scr and plasma MDA in the IR and APC groups were significantly increased,whereas the activity of plasma SOD was significantly reduced (all in P <0.05).Compared with the IR group,the levels of BUN,Scr and plasma MDA in the APC group were significantly reduced,whereas the activity of plasma SOD was considerably elevated (all in P <0.05).Compared with the S group,the expression levels of Bax and Caspase-3 proteins were significantly up-regulated in the IR and APC groups,and the levels in the APC group were considerably lower than those in the IR group (all in P <0.05).Compared with the S group,the expression of Bcl-2 in rat kidney in the IR and APC groups was significantly down-regulated,and the value in the APC group was dramatically higher than that in the IR group (all in P <0.05).Under light microscope,the morphology of rat kidney was intact and normal in the S group.In the IR group,evident renal tubular ectasia,massive necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells,evident stromal edema and a large quantity of lymph cellular infiltration were observed.In the APC group,mild renal tubular ectasia was observed,whereas no apparent kidney stromal edema was noted.A slight amount of lymph cellular infiltration was noted in the stroma.TUNEL staining revealed that the apoptosis rate of kidney cells in the S,IR and APC groups was (4.1 ±1 .7)%,(32.8 ±8.9)% and (1 2.6 ±3.4)% (all in P <0.05).Conclusions Allopurinol pretreatment could suppress cell apoptosis through anti-oxidation effect,thereby alleviating IRI of rat kidney and improving renal function.

Objective To summarize the experience in retroperitoneal living donor nephrectomy under 3D laparoscopy and to investigate its clinical effect and safety. Methods The clinical data of 19 cases who underwent retroperitoneal living donor nephrectomy under 3D laparoscopy were collected.Operation duration,intraoperative blood loss, renal warm ischemia time,length of renal artery,renal vein and ureter,incision size and operative complications were recorded.Postoperative renal function of donors and recipients was observed. Results Nineteen cases of living donor nephrectomy were successfully completed under the 3D laparoscopy,and there were no conversion into conventional laparoscopy and open surgery.The operation duration of living donor nephrectomy under 3D laparoscopy was 80.5﹣125.2 (with an average of 102.3)min;intraoperative blood loss was 40.6﹣90.4 (60.8)ml;renal warm ischemia time was 100﹣230 (161)s.Length of renal artery,renal vein and ureter was 2.6﹣3.2 (2.9)cm,2.2﹣3.0 (2.6)cm and 8﹣13 (10)cm, respectively.The incision size was about 5﹣6 cm,and the wound healed.Urine volume of the donors at 24 h after operation was 2 000﹣2 500 ml.Serum creatinine increased slightly in 1 case at 3 d after operation,and returned to normal through reexamination after 7 d and 1 month.The donors stayed in the hospital 5﹣7 (6)d after operation.All transplant operations were performed successfully,and delayed graft function did not occurred. Conclusions Accuracy of operation can be improved effectively by 3D laparoscopic surgery system.It is safe and feasible to perform retroperitoneal living donor nephrectomy under 3D laparoscopy.