Objective:To analyze the characteristics and causes of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return from 2017 to 2019, and explore the coping strategies of in-flight emergency medical events.Methods:Retrospective study was used. The in-flight emergency medical events of an airline from 2017 to 2019 were collected, and the age distribution of passengers who resulted in an alternate landing or return was calculated. The sudden diseases of passengers were classified according to the standards of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the survival of special passengers after an alternate landing or return was counted. Results:①There were 3 696 cases of in-flight emergency medical events, 84 (2.27%) of which resulted in an alternate landing or return. The total incidence of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return was 0.201/10 6 among passengers. The incidence of in-flight medical emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return among passengers decreased from 2017 to 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=515.85, P<0.001). ②There was significant difference among different age groups ( χ2=10.90, P=0.012). The incidence of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return was higher among people under 20 and over 60 years old, and the constituent ratio was 34.52%. ③Circulation system diseases (44.05%) was the commonest in the in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return, then followed by nervous system diseases (15.48%) and digestive system diseases (13.10%). ④Among the passengers in the in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return, 6 cases died, aged 6-73 years old, including 2 cases of cancer and 4 cases of sudden cardiac death. Conclusions:Aviation health education of passengers, pre-flight medical audit and crew first aid training should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of in-flight emergency medical events.

Objective:To analyze the characteristics and causes of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return from 2017 to 2019, and explore the coping strategies of in-flight emergency medical events.Methods:Retrospective study was used. The in-flight emergency medical events of an airline from 2017 to 2019 were collected, and the age distribution of passengers who resulted in an alternate landing or return was calculated. The sudden diseases of passengers were classified according to the standards of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10), and the survival of special passengers after an alternate landing or return was counted. Results:①There were 3 696 cases of in-flight emergency medical events, 84 (2.27%) of which resulted in an alternate landing or return. The total incidence of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return was 0.201/10 6 among passengers. The incidence of in-flight medical emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return among passengers decreased from 2017 to 2019, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=515.85, P<0.001). ②There was significant difference among different age groups ( χ2=10.90, P=0.012). The incidence of in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return was higher among people under 20 and over 60 years old, and the constituent ratio was 34.52%. ③Circulation system diseases (44.05%) was the commonest in the in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return, then followed by nervous system diseases (15.48%) and digestive system diseases (13.10%). ④Among the passengers in the in-flight emergency medical events resulted in an alternate landing or return, 6 cases died, aged 6-73 years old, including 2 cases of cancer and 4 cases of sudden cardiac death. Conclusions:Aviation health education of passengers, pre-flight medical audit and crew first aid training should be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of in-flight emergency medical events.

Objective:To explore an effective prevention and control protocol of cockroach in aircraft based on integrated pest management (IPM) concept.Methods:① The current protocol of cockroach control in aircraft was improved based on the study of cockroach invasion in aircraft and the characteristics of flight operation and the IPM prevention and control protocol was proposed for deeply cleaning and killing cockroach at aircraft maintenance stage, the monitoring and controlling during flight operation and managing cockroach invasion in aircraft. ② The selected insecticide was tested for airworthiness and safety in accordance with AMS 1450A Aerospace material specification: disinsectant (insecticide), aircraft that issued by Society of Automotive Engineers. ③ Forty aircraft were randomly and averagely divided into 2 groups. One group was treated with the IPM cockroach control protocol as IPM group and the other group was treated with the current routine method as the control group. The density of cockroaches in 2 groups had been monitored for 12 months according to SN 1553 Codes of Surveillance for Vector-bonds in Entry-exit Aircraft. The infestation rate and infestation density index of the cockroaches in aircraft were compared between 2 groups to evaluate the control effect. Results:Field trials showed that the cockroach infestation rate of 2 groups was 80.0% and 75.0% respectively and the cockroach density index M ( P25, P75) was 8.0 (2.0,24.0) and 8.0 (2.0,23.0) respectively before treatment. There was no statistical difference between IPM group and control group ( P>0.05). By treatment, the cockroach infestation rate in IPM group was 1.2% and cockroach density index M ( P25, P75) was 0.00 (0.0, 0.1) while the cockroach infestation rate in control group was 16.6%, and the density index of cockroach M ( P25, P75) was 2.5 (0.0, 5.3). Statistical analysis showed that the density and infestation rate of cockroaches were significantly different between 2 groups ( P<0.01). The airworthiness tests showed that the selected insecticides fulfilled the requirements of AMS 1450A. Conclusions:The IPM control protocol can effectively control the infestation of cockroaches in aircraft and reduce the risk of vector transmission. The cockroach insecticides used in the protocol meet the airworthiness standards and can be safely used to prevent and control the infestation of cockroaches in aircraft.

Objective:To explore an effective prevention and control protocol of cockroach in aircraft based on integrated pest management (IPM) concept.Methods:① The current protocol of cockroach control in aircraft was improved based on the study of cockroach invasion in aircraft and the characteristics of flight operation and the IPM prevention and control protocol was proposed for deeply cleaning and killing cockroach at aircraft maintenance stage, the monitoring and controlling during flight operation and managing cockroach invasion in aircraft. ② The selected insecticide was tested for airworthiness and safety in accordance with AMS 1450A Aerospace material specification: disinsectant (insecticide), aircraft that issued by Society of Automotive Engineers. ③ Forty aircraft were randomly and averagely divided into 2 groups. One group was treated with the IPM cockroach control protocol as IPM group and the other group was treated with the current routine method as the control group. The density of cockroaches in 2 groups had been monitored for 12 months according to SN 1553 Codes of Surveillance for Vector-bonds in Entry-exit Aircraft. The infestation rate and infestation density index of the cockroaches in aircraft were compared between 2 groups to evaluate the control effect. Results:Field trials showed that the cockroach infestation rate of 2 groups was 80.0% and 75.0% respectively and the cockroach density index M ( P25, P75) was 8.0 (2.0,24.0) and 8.0 (2.0,23.0) respectively before treatment. There was no statistical difference between IPM group and control group ( P>0.05). By treatment, the cockroach infestation rate in IPM group was 1.2% and cockroach density index M ( P25, P75) was 0.00 (0.0, 0.1) while the cockroach infestation rate in control group was 16.6%, and the density index of cockroach M ( P25, P75) was 2.5 (0.0, 5.3). Statistical analysis showed that the density and infestation rate of cockroaches were significantly different between 2 groups ( P<0.01). The airworthiness tests showed that the selected insecticides fulfilled the requirements of AMS 1450A. Conclusions:The IPM control protocol can effectively control the infestation of cockroaches in aircraft and reduce the risk of vector transmission. The cockroach insecticides used in the protocol meet the airworthiness standards and can be safely used to prevent and control the infestation of cockroaches in aircraft.

Objective To provide scientific evidence for studying biological characteristic of cockroaches and control countermeasures by investigating the species distribution and inroads situation of cockroaches in civil aircraft.Methods In August 2015,the onsite investigations were done for 19 A320 and A321 aircrafts harbored at Sanya airport and Haikou airport for getting the cockroach density.The difference of cockroache density was compared by aircraft type,aircraft age and the 4 areas of the aircraft.Results The total invasion rate was 84.21％ on 19 aircrafts.Blauella germanica is the dominant specie.The invasion rates of cockroaches was not statistically significant neither by the comparison of aircraft type (x2 =1.362,P＞0.05) nor by the comparison of aircraft age (x2=0.281,P ＞ 0.05).But statistical significance on cockroaches density was found in the comparison of 4 areas of aircrafts (x2=14.629,P＜0.01).Conclusions The comprehensive countermeasures,including environmental,physical and chemical controls,should be adopted according to the aircraft structure,operation and safety requirements.

Objective To provide scientific evidence for studying biological characteristic of cockroaches and control countermeasures by investigating the species distribution and inroads situation of cockroaches in civil aircraft.Methods In August 2015,the onsite investigations were done for 19 A320 and A321 aircrafts harbored at Sanya airport and Haikou airport for getting the cockroach density.The difference of cockroache density was compared by aircraft type,aircraft age and the 4 areas of the aircraft.Results The total invasion rate was 84.21％ on 19 aircrafts.Blauella germanica is the dominant specie.The invasion rates of cockroaches was not statistically significant neither by the comparison of aircraft type (x2 =1.362,P＞0.05) nor by the comparison of aircraft age (x2=0.281,P ＞ 0.05).But statistical significance on cockroaches density was found in the comparison of 4 areas of aircrafts (x2=14.629,P＜0.01).Conclusions The comprehensive countermeasures,including environmental,physical and chemical controls,should be adopted according to the aircraft structure,operation and safety requirements.