1.Study on the extraction, separation and purification process of Actinoside E
Fangliang QIAO ; Yiping JIANG ; Tianshuang XIA ; Aijun LIU ; Kai ZHAO ; Hailiang XIN
Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service 2026;44(3):137-143
Objective To optimize the extraction, separation and purification process of Actinoside E. Methods Single factor experiment combined with orthogonal test was used to determine the optimal extraction process of Actinoside E using its content as an index. The extracts were separated and purified by optimizing the chromatographic conditions of macroporous resin, silica gel and ODS column. Results 25 times amount of 55% ethanol with heating reflux at 95℃ for one hour were used as the optimal extraction process of Actinoside E. The optimum separation and purification process was as follows: D101 macroporous resin column was eluted with 7 BV of 50% ethanol, silica gel column was eluted with 5 BV of ethyl acetate-ethanol(10∶1)and 50% methanol eluted fraction was purified repeatedly by ODS column to obtain Actinoside E. The transfer rate of Actinoside E in the whole process was 53.70%, the yield was 0.35%, and the purity was 99.9%. Conclusion The process is stable and viable, which can provide material foundation for the development and utilization of Actinoside E.
2.Influence of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on platelet function and inflammatory cytokines and analysis of factors associated with poor prognosis in elderly patients with ischemic stroke
Hai LIANG ; Hong ZHANG ; Runan XIA ; Huijuan CHEN ; Mengyu JIANG ; Fanqin LI ; Panpan DI ; Miao YANG
China Pharmacy 2026;37(6):782-787
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on platelet function and inflammatory cytokines in elderly patients with ischemic stroke, and to analyze potential factors associated with poor prognosis. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on elderly patients with ischemic stroke admitted to our hospital from June 2024 to June 2025, wh o underwent CYP2C19 genotype testing and received antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel. The levels of platelet function indicators and inflammatory cytokines before and after treatment were compared among patients with different metabolic phenotypes. Based on the prognosis at 6 months post-treatment, patients were divided into poor prognosis group and good prognosis group. Univariate analysis was performed on general data, metabolic phenotype, the levels of platelet function indicators and inflammatory cytokines. Variables with P <0.05 and the levels of inflammatory cytokines before treatment were included in a multivariate Logistic regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for poor prognosis. Multiple linear regression was used to further analyze the relationship between metabolic phenotypes and inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS A total of 448 elderly patients with ischemic stroke were included; among them, 162 cases were normal metabolic phenotype, 218 were intermediate metabolic phenotype, and 68 were poor metabolic phenotype. No rapid or ultrarapid metabolic phenotypes were observed. After treatment, platelet aggregation rate, the levels of P-selectin and platelet activated complex-1 (PAC-1), high-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the normal metabolic phenotype group, intermediate metabolic phenotype group, and poor metabolic phenotype group (except for platelet aggregation rate, and the levels of P-selectin and PAC-1 in the poor metabolic phenotype group) were significantly lower than those before treatment in the same group. Moreover, the above indicators in the normal metabolic phenotype group were significantly lower than those in the intermediate and poor metabolic phenotype groups at the corresponding time, and the levels of platelet function indicators in the intermediate metabolic phenotype group were significantly lower than those in the poor metabol ic phenotype group at the corresponding time ( P <0.05). Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses showed that combined with hypertension, combined with diabetes mellitus, and intermediate or poor metabolic genotypes were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in elderly patients with ischemic stroke ( P <0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum levels of hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α before treatment were significantly higher in patients with intermediate and poor metabolic genotypes compared to those with normal metabolic genotype ( P <0.05), with a greater magnitude of increase in inflammatory cytokines observed in the patients with poor metabolic genotype. CONCLUSIONS The elderly ischemic stroke patients with CYP2C19 intermediate and poor metabolic genotypes have poor inhibition effect on platelet and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than normal metabolic genotype; CYP2C19 gene polymorphism, and in combination with hypertension and diabetes, can be used as independent predictors of poor prognosis.
3.Analysis of Clinical Prognostic Characteristics in Patients with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome-Related Renal Fanconi Syndrome
Xiaoxiao SHI ; Yuan DONG ; Jiahe JIANG ; Peng XIA ; Shuo ZHANG ; Yubing WEN ; Dong XU ; Fengchun ZHANG ; Limeng CHEN
Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital 2026;17(2):358-369
Renal Fanconi syndrome (FS) is a rare renal manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). This study aims to analyze the clinical and prognostic characteristics of patients with pSS-associated renal FS (pSS-FS) and provide insights for clinical management. Patients diagnosed with pSS-FS via renal biopsy at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1993 to 2024 were enrolled. Data collected included age, sex, clinical symptoms (xerostomia, xerophthalmia, skin purpura, arthralgia, polyuria, and systemic symptoms), laboratory findings [serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM, complement (C3, C4), antinuclear antibody, anti-Sjögren's syndrome-associated antigen A antibody (SSA), anti-SSB antibody, 24-hour urinary protein quantification, tubular proteinuria, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes], treatment, and follow-up information. Systematic assessments included the EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) score, pulmonary involvement (including non-infectious interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, etc.), hematological involvement (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), etc. Efficacy evaluations encompassed improvements in immunological parameters, renal function, and tubular function. Group comparisons were performed using chi-square/Fisher's exact tests, A total of 38 patients with pSS-FS were included, with 37(97.4%) being female. The median age at pSS diagnosis was 43(37, 57) years. Xerostomia (76.3%) and xerophthalmia (71.1%) were the predominant clinical symptoms. The most common renal tubular dysfunctions were generalized aminoaciduria (96.9%), tubular proteinuria (96.0%), and hypokalemia (94.7%). The median eGFR was 52.57(32.04, 76.10)mL/(min·1.73 m2), with 60.5% (23/38) of patients having an eGFR below 60 mL/(min·1.73 m2).After six months of immunosuppressive therapy, including moderate-to-high-dose glucocorticoids, significant improvements were observed in immunological parameters (improvement rate: 69.2%), renal tubular function (89.5%), and renal function (44.4%). Following immunosuppressive treatment, the median eGFR increased from 54.95(33.06, 76.10)mL/(min·1.73 m2) to 65.56(56.24, 83.58)mL/(min·1.73 m2).Compared to patients with normal or mildly impaired baseline eGFR [≥ 60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)], those with significantly decreased baseline eGFR [< 60 mL/(min·1.73 m2)] were older (46 years This study reports the clinical characteristics of the largest single-center cohort of pSS-FS patients internationally, characterized by varying degrees of proximal renal tubular dysfunction and renal impairment. Timely initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, including glucocorticoids, is crucial, particularly for patients with significantly reduced eGFR, who may experience more substantial renal function improvement.
4.Epidemiological analysis of a cluster outbreak of pulmonary tuberculosis among grade 12 students from a boaring high school in Chongqing
LEI Rongrong, FENG Xinyu, XIA Siyue, JIANG Chuan, ZHANG Ting, WU Chengguo
Chinese Journal of School Health 2026;47(1):113-116
Objective:
To analyze the process of handling a pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) outbreak among senior high school students in a boarding school in Chongqing, as well as to investigate the underlying causes of the outbreak, so as to provide evidence to inform TB prevention and control strategies in school settings.
Methods:
From November 2023 to April 2024, an epidemiological investigation was conducted into the TB outbreak in a grade 12 class from a boarding high school. Suspected cases were screened using symptom screening, tuberculin skin test (TST), and chest X-ray examinations. Confirmed cases underwent individual epidemiological interviews and sputum culture; Cultured positive mycobacterial strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing after identification as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Results:
A total of 10 active pulmonary TB cases were identified, all from the same class, yielding a student attack rate of 16.67%. Three isolates were culture positive, as well as all strains were of L2 type,and the WGS analysis of the strains suggested a common transmission chain. Excluding the index case, four additional cases were detected through symptom driven health care visits. Notably, 70% of patients presented with "chest tightness and chest pain" symptoms, and 50% had "cough" symptoms,but none were detected during morning health checks or tracking of absences due to illness. A total of 326 contacts were identified and underwent three rounds of screening and one follow up examination. In the initial screening, 35 close contacts from the same class showed strong TST positivity, corresponding to a strong positivity rate of 55.56%, significantly higher than the 20.76% observed among casual contacts ( χ 2=29.80, P <0.01). Among the 35 strongly TST positivvity close contacts and five individuals with moderate TST positivity whose induration had increased by ≥10 mm over two years, none received timely preventive treatment initially; five of them were subsequently diagnosed with active TB within three months. Following this, 25 individuals initiated preventive therapy, resulting in a preventive treatment initiation rate of 62.50%. Among TST negative classmates who converted to strong positivity on repeat TST testing at three months, 75.00% started preventive treatment, but only 22.22% completed the full course.
Conclusion
Inadequate implementation of morning health checks and cause tracking for absenteeism due to illness, poorly standardized screening procedures, and delayed preventive treatment may have been key factors contributing to the spread of the outbreak.
5.Clinical guideline for diagnosis and treatment of nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (version 2025)
Haipeng SI ; Le LI ; Junjie NIU ; Wencan ZHANG ; Fuxin WEI ; Jinqiu YUAN ; Qiang YANG ; Hongli WANG ; Guangchao WANG ; Shihong CHEN ; Yunzhen CHEN ; Xiaoguang CHENG ; Jianwen DONG ; Shiqing FENG ; Rui GU ; Yong HAI ; Tianyong HOU ; Bo HUANG ; Xiaobing JIANG ; Lei ZANG ; Chunhai LI ; Nianhu LI ; Hua LIN ; Hongjian LIU ; Peng LIU ; Xinyu LIU ; Sheng LU ; Shibao LU ; Chunshan LUO ; Lvy CHAOLIANG ; Lvy WEIJIA ; Xuexiao MA ; Wei MEI ; Chunyang MENG ; Cailiang SHEN ; Chunli SONG ; Ruoxian SONG ; Jiacan SU ; Honglin TENG ; Hui SHENG ; Beiyu WANG ; Bingwu WANG ; Liang WANG ; Xiangyang WANG ; Nan WU ; Guohua XU ; Yayi XIA ; Jin XU ; Youjia XU ; Jianzhong XU ; Cao YANG ; Maowei YANG ; Zibin YANG ; Xiaojian YE ; Hailong YU ; Xijie YU ; Hua YUE ; Zhili ZENG ; Xinli ZHAN ; Hui ZHANG ; Peixun ZHANG ; Wei ZHANG ; Zhenlin ZHANG ; Jianguo ZHANG ; Tengyue ZHU ; Qiang LIU ; Huilin YANG
Chinese Journal of Trauma 2025;41(10):932-945
Nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF), predominantly affecting the elderly, can lead to intractable pain, vertebral collapse, progressive kyphotic deformity, and neurological impairment, significantly compromising patients′ quality of life. There exists considerable debate on diagnosis and management of OVF, encompassing key issues such as clinical diagnosis and staging criteria for nonunion, surgical indications and procedure selection, and postoperative rehabilitation planning. Currently, there lacks standardized clinical guideline and expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of OVF nonunion in China. To address this gap, Minimally Invasive Surgery Group of Chinese Orthopedic Association, Osteoporosis Committee of Chinese Association of Orthopedic Surgeons, Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Osteoporosis of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine and Minimally Invasive Orthopedic Surgery Branch of China Association for Geriatric Care jointly organized domestic experts in spinal surgery, endocrinology, and rehabilitation to formulate the Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment for nonunion of osteoporotic vertebral fractures ( version 2025), based on existing literature and clinical experience and adhering to principles of scientific rigor and practicality. The guideline provided 13 evidence-based recommendations encompassing diagnosis and treatment of OVF nonunion, aiming to standardize its clinical management.
6.A multicenter retrospective study on clinicopathological features, gene variation profiles and prognostic analysis of previously untreated diffuse large B - cell lymphoma
Yongning JIANG ; Jie ZHANG ; Yaping ZHANG ; Yi XIA ; Yi MIAO ; Haiwen NI ; Jinning SHI ; Xiaohui ZHANG ; Min XU ; Haiying HUA ; Yun ZHUANG ; Wenzhong WU ; Maozhong XU ; Xiaoyan XIE ; Zhuxia JIA ; Yuqing MIAO ; Min ZHAO ; Jianyong LI ; Wenyu SHI
Chinese Journal of Medical Genetics 2025;42(9):1069-1077
Objective:To explore the impact of age on the genetic variant spectrum and prognosis of patients with previously untreated Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data and follow-up information of 254 previously untreated DLBCL patients from 14 hospitals in the Jiangsu Cooperative Lymphoma Group (JCLG) enrolled from July 2018 and July 2023. Following extraction of DNA from tumor tissue samples, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique was employed to analyze the genetic variant spectrum of the DLBCL patients, with an evaluation of the relationship between age and genetic variants as well as prognosis. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (Ethics No.: 2023-K048-01).Results:The median age of the 254 DLBCL patients was 62 years old, with 55% of patients aged 60 years or above. Clinical evaluation showed that younger (< 60 years) patients had higher complete response (CR) (70% vs. 59%), and objective response rate (ORR) (88% vs. 79%) than older patients, though the difference between the two groups was not statistically. Survival analysis indicated that both the five-year overall survival (OS) (82.7% vs. 71.7%, P=0.006) and progression-free survival (PFS) (70.6% vs. 50.2%, P<0.05) rates were significantly higher in younger patients. NGS showed that 99.6% of the patients harbored genetic variants, with PIM1, KMT2D, TP53, MYD88, and CD79B being the most common genes. Age significantly affected the variant frequency of certain genes, with MYC variants serving an adverse prognostic factor for OS in younger patients ( P=0.001), while TP53 ( P=0.024) and BCL2 ( P=0.002) variants significantly impacted OS in older patients. Prognostic analysis identified age ≥ 60 years ( HR=3.439, 95% CI=1.318~9.874), presence of B symptoms ( HR = 2.871, 95% CI=1.133~7.307), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase ( HR=3.528, 95% CI=1.231~10.66) as independent adverse prognostic factors. Conclusion:Age, genetic variants, and clinical factors may significantly affect the prognosis of the DLBCL patients. Younger patients have better survival compared to older patients. Variants of the MYC, BCL2, and TP53 genes are closely associated with poor prognosis.
7.Development and reliability and validity test of post competence assessment scale for nurses in the health management (physical examination) center
Yue LI ; Hua GUAN ; Xiaodan ZHOU ; Xia LUO ; Haiyan WU ; Kunhong MIN ; Rong JIANG
Chinese Journal of Health Management 2025;19(9):728-734
Objective:To develop a post competence assessment scale for nurses in the health management (physical examination) center and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:This study adopted an empirical approach. A total of 801 nurses from the health management (physical examination) center were recruited to participate in this study. A research team was formed in August 2024. This team transformed the previously constructed core competence evaluation index system for health management specialist nurses in the health management (physical examination) center (comprising 6 first-level indicators and 70 third-level indicators) into a preliminary post competence assessment scale. Seven experts evaluated the content validity of the scale. In September 2024, a pilot survey was conducted among 27 nurses from the health management (physical examination) center of Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital using convenience sampling. From October to November 2024, the first main survey was administered to 385 nurses of health management (physical examination) center across 54 cities in China using both convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Subsequently, utilizing the refined scale obtained after eliminating certain items, a second main survey was conducted among 389 nurses in the health management (physical examination) center, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability of the final scale was assessed using Cronbach′s α coefficient, split-half reliability, composite reliability, and test-retest reliability.Results:The finalized scale for nurses′ post competency in health management (physical examination) center comprises five dimensions—basic nursing service competency, health management practice competency, knowledge integration competency, professional development competency, and professional attitude—with a total of 57 items. The item level content validity index (I-CVI) of the items of the content validity display scale ranged from 0.857 to 1.000, and the content validity index of each dimension ranged from 0.984 to 1.000. The scale-level Content Validity index/average (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.995. The contribution rate of the 6 factors extracted by EFA was 74.07%. After group discussion and CFA, the scale of the 5-factor structural equation model was constructed. The total Cronbach′s α coefficient of the scale was 0.986, the split-half reliability was 0.865, the composite reliability was 0.960-0.980, the total table test-retest reliability was 0.762, and the test-retest reliability of each dimension was 0.681-0.731.Conclusion:The developed assessment scale for assessing the post competence of nurses in the health management (physical examination) center demonstrates excellent reliability and validity.
8.Association between lifestyle and risk for all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly residents in China: a prospective study
Mengjie HU ; Yanqiu ZOU ; Dixin ZHENG ; Zhuoma DIJI ; Xiaoxue LIU ; Yan SU ; Ying WANG ; Xiuze TIAN ; Xia JIANG ; Mengyu FAN ; Jiayuan LI
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2025;46(5):761-767
Objective:To investigate the prospective association between lifestyle and the risk for all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly residents in China.Methods:The data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were used. Baseline information about the lifestyle were collected through questionnaire survey and physical measurements, and the mortality data were obtained through surveys conducted at 2-3 year intervals. A total of 5 436 study participants were included. A comprehensive lifestyle including smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep, BMI and physical activity was constructed, and a multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the association between lifestyle and the risk for all-cause mortality.Results:During the follow-up of average 8.2 years, 695 deaths were recorded. The comprehensive lifestyle score was linearly associated with the risk for all-cause mortality. Compared with the study participants with comprehensive lifestyle score of 0-1, those with score of 2-5 all had lower risk for all-cause mortality, with HRs of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.62-0.98), 0.56 (95% CI: 0.44-0.72), 0.36 (95% CI:0.27-0.48), and 0.33 (95% CI: 0.21-0.52), respectively. The results of Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis of single lifestyle showed that compared with those with unhealthy lifestyles, the HRs of all-cause mortality for study participants who never smoked, had moderate alcohol consumption, had appropriate night sleep, maintained healthy body weight and kept active physical activity were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.57-0.84), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64-0.90), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.67-0.94), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.62-0.87), and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58-0.80), respectively. Conclusions:Keeping healthy lifestyles can significantly reduce the risk for all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly residents China. The higher the healthy lifestyle level, the lower the risk for all-cause mortality.
9.A cohort study and Mendelian randomization study on association between osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease
Xuan WU ; Xunying ZHAO ; Jinyu ZHOU ; Tao HAN ; Xia JIANG ; Ben ZHANG ; Wenzhi WANG
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2025;46(5):888-894
Objective:To analyze the association between osteoporosis and the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:A total of 471 922 study subjects were selected from the UK Biobank database, including 12 818 osteoporosis cases and 459 104 controls. Cox proportional hazard regression model and competing risk model were used to evaluate the association between osteoporosis and AD after adjusting confounding factors. Furthermore, a Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted by using the data of two published genome-wide association studies, and 1 050 highly relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified from the bone mineral density data as instrumental variables. The association between bone mineral density and the risk for AD was evaluated by using inverse variance weighted method, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median estimator method. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed.Results:After adjusting for confounders, no significant association between osteoporosis and an increased risk for AD was found in the cohort study (Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis: HR=1.10, 95% CI: 0.78-1.56, P=0.588). The MR analysis revealed no association between bone mineral density and the risk for AD (inverse-variance weighted: OR=1.03, 95% CI: 0.98-1.09, P=0.252), and the results remained robust in multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusion:The study result does not support the association between osteoporosis and risk for AD.
10.Guideline for Adult Weight Management in China
Weiqing WANG ; Qin WAN ; Jianhua MA ; Guang WANG ; Yufan WANG ; Guixia WANG ; Yongquan SHI ; Tingjun YE ; Xiaoguang SHI ; Jian KUANG ; Bo FENG ; Xiuyan FENG ; Guang NING ; Yiming MU ; Hongyu KUANG ; Xiaoping XING ; Chunli PIAO ; Xingbo CHENG ; Zhifeng CHENG ; Yufang BI ; Yan BI ; Wenshan LYU ; Dalong ZHU ; Cuiyan ZHU ; Wei ZHU ; Fei HUA ; Fei XIANG ; Shuang YAN ; Zilin SUN ; Yadong SUN ; Liqin SUN ; Luying SUN ; Li YAN ; Yanbing LI ; Hong LI ; Shu LI ; Ling LI ; Yiming LI ; Chenzhong LI ; Hua YANG ; Jinkui YANG ; Ling YANG ; Ying YANG ; Tao YANG ; Xiao YANG ; Xinhua XIAO ; Dan WU ; Jinsong KUANG ; Lanjie HE ; Wei GU ; Jie SHEN ; Yongfeng SONG ; Qiao ZHANG ; Hong ZHANG ; Yuwei ZHANG ; Junqing ZHANG ; Xianfeng ZHANG ; Miao ZHANG ; Yifei ZHANG ; Yingli LU ; Hong CHEN ; Li CHEN ; Bing CHEN ; Shihong CHEN ; Guiyan CHEN ; Haibing CHEN ; Lei CHEN ; Yanyan CHEN ; Genben CHEN ; Yikun ZHOU ; Xianghai ZHOU ; Qiang ZHOU ; Jiaqiang ZHOU ; Hongting ZHENG ; Zhongyan SHAN ; Jiajun ZHAO ; Dong ZHAO ; Ji HU ; Jiang HU ; Xinguo HOU ; Bimin SHI ; Tianpei HONG ; Mingxia YUAN ; Weibo XIA ; Xuejiang GU ; Yong XU ; Shuguang PANG ; Tianshu GAO ; Zuhua GAO ; Xiaohui GUO ; Hongyi CAO ; Mingfeng CAO ; Xiaopei CAO ; Jing MA ; Bin LU ; Zhen LIANG ; Jun LIANG ; Min LONG ; Yongde PENG ; Jin LU ; Hongyun LU ; Yan LU ; Chunping ZENG ; Binhong WEN ; Xueyong LOU ; Qingbo GUAN ; Lin LIAO ; Xin LIAO ; Ping XIONG ; Yaoming XUE
Chinese Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2025;41(11):891-907
Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.


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