Pulp regeneration is currently a hot topic in pulp disease research.With the development of regenerative medicine,pulp regeneration is transitioning from basic research to clinical applications,and stable results have been observed in some cases.However,achieving higher success rates and restoring pulp function remains a challenge in the field of pulp disease.Stem cells,growth factors,and scaffold materials are fundamental elements of tissue engineering.In recent years,dental pulp regeneration related scaffolds have received widespread attention,and new progress has been made in natural,human,and artificially synthesized scaffold materials.This article reviews the scaffold materials for pulp regeneration,aiming to provide reference for the selection of scaffold materials for dental pulp regeneration.

Dental treatments for children and adolescents have unique clinical characteristics that differ from dental care for adults in terms of children's physiology, psychology, and behavior. These differences impose specific requirements on the application of local anesthesia in pediatric dental procedures. This article presents expert consensus on the principles of local anesthesia techniques in pediatric dental therapies, including the use of common anesthetic drugs and dosage control, safety and efficacy evaluation, and prevention and management of complications. The aim is to improve the safety and quality of pediatric dental treatments and offer guidance for clinical application by dentists.
Humans ; Child ; Anesthesia, Local/methods* ; Consensus ; Anesthesia, Dental/methods* ; Adolescent ; Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage* ; Dental Care for Children

Objective To evaluate the effect of Er:YAG(erbium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet)laser combined with reminerali-zers on enamel acid resistance.Methods Healthy teeth that needed to be extracted due to orthodontic treatment were included,and 60 enamel blocks according to a unified standardwere prepared,and randomly divided into 6 groups(n=10).They were treated with dei-onized water(Group A),sodium fluoride(Group B),bioactive glass(Group C),Er:YAG laser(Group D),Er:YAG laser combined with sodium fluoride(Group E),and Er:YAG laser combined with bioactive glass(Group F)for 7 consecutive days before undergoing pH cycling demineralization.After the experiment,the surface morphology,calcium/phosphorus ratio,surface hardness,and surface roughness were measured in each group.Results ①Surface morphology:the enamel surfaces of groups A-F were all damaged to var-ying degrees,with groups E and F showing the least degree of damage,while group A had obvious concave defects.②Calcium/phos-phorus ratio:the calcium/phosphorus ratio on the enamel surface of groups B,C and D was significantly higher than that of group A(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B,C and D(P＞0.05).The calcium/phosphorus ratio on the enamel surface of groups E and F was significantly higher than that of groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).③Surface hardness:after acid etching,the surface hardness of enamel in all groups decreased.The surface hardness loss of enamel in groups B,C and D was significantly lower than that in group A(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B,C and D(P＞0.05).The surface hard-ness loss of enamel in groups E and F was significantly lower than that in groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).④Surface roughness:Com-pared with group A,the surface roughness of enamel in group D was reduced,but not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Groups B and C showed a significant decrease(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B and C(P＞0.05).The surface roughness of enamel in groups E and F was significantly lower than that in groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).Conclusion The combined application of Er:YAG laser and remineralizers can enhance the acid resistance of enamel,providing a new reference for the treatment of dental erosion.

Objective:To investigate the completion rate of tumor evaluation at initial assessment and after neoadjuvant therapy for mid and low rectal cancer patients in the national multicenter real-world database.Methods:The prospective real-world study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 1 074 patients who underwent surgical treatment for mid and low rectal cancer in 47 national medical institutions, including Peking Union Medical College Hospital et al, from May 12,2023 to May 11,2024 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (2) initial colonoscopy and pathologic evaluation of tumors in patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (3) initial imaging evaluation of patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (4) imaging evaluation after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3). Count data were described as absoluter numbers and/or percentages. Results:(1) Clinical characteristics of patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 713 males and 361 females, aged 63(56,70)years. The body mass index of 1 074 patients was 24(21,26)kg/m 2.For American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, there were 147 cases of stage Ⅰ, 641 cases of stage Ⅱ, 157 cases of stage Ⅲ, 2 cases of stage Ⅳ, and there were 127 cases missing data. (2) Initial colonoscopy and pathologic evaluation of tumors in patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 787 cases (73.28%) undergoing complete colonoscopy, and there were only 197 cases (18.34%) undergoing immunohistochemical evaluation of all four mismatch repair proteins. (3) Initial imaging evaluation of patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 842(78.40%) patients completing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound evaluation, and there were 914(85.10%) patients completing chest, abdomen, and pelvis enhanced computed tomography (CT) evaluation. In the 149 patients completing rectal ultrasound evaluation, there were 122 cases (81.88%) comple-ting T staging evaluation, and there were 81 cases (54.36%) completing N staging evaluation. In the 808 patients completing rectal MRI evaluation, there were 708 cases (87.62%) completing T staging evaluation, and there were 590 cases (73.02%) completing N staging evaluation. (4) Imaging evalua-tion after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 388 patients with neoadjuvant therapy, there were 332 patients (85.57%) completing MRI or ultrasound evaluation, and there were 327 patients (84.28%) completing chest, abdomen, and pelvis enhanced CT evalua-tion. In the 70 patients completing rectal ultrasound evaluation, there were 65 cases (92.86%) com-pleting T staging evaluation, and there were 49 cases (70.00%) completing N staging evaluation. In the 327 patients completing rectal MRI evaluation, there were 246 cases (75.23%) completing T staging, and there were 228 cases (69.72%) completing N staging evaluation. Conclusion:The com-pletion rate of tumor imaging evaluation at initial assessment and after neoadjuvant therapy for mid and low rectal cancer patients on a national scale is relatively good.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Er:YAG(erbium-doped:yttrium aluminum garnet)laser combined with reminerali-zers on enamel acid resistance.Methods Healthy teeth that needed to be extracted due to orthodontic treatment were included,and 60 enamel blocks according to a unified standardwere prepared,and randomly divided into 6 groups(n=10).They were treated with dei-onized water(Group A),sodium fluoride(Group B),bioactive glass(Group C),Er:YAG laser(Group D),Er:YAG laser combined with sodium fluoride(Group E),and Er:YAG laser combined with bioactive glass(Group F)for 7 consecutive days before undergoing pH cycling demineralization.After the experiment,the surface morphology,calcium/phosphorus ratio,surface hardness,and surface roughness were measured in each group.Results ①Surface morphology:the enamel surfaces of groups A-F were all damaged to var-ying degrees,with groups E and F showing the least degree of damage,while group A had obvious concave defects.②Calcium/phos-phorus ratio:the calcium/phosphorus ratio on the enamel surface of groups B,C and D was significantly higher than that of group A(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B,C and D(P＞0.05).The calcium/phosphorus ratio on the enamel surface of groups E and F was significantly higher than that of groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).③Surface hardness:after acid etching,the surface hardness of enamel in all groups decreased.The surface hardness loss of enamel in groups B,C and D was significantly lower than that in group A(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B,C and D(P＞0.05).The surface hard-ness loss of enamel in groups E and F was significantly lower than that in groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).④Surface roughness:Com-pared with group A,the surface roughness of enamel in group D was reduced,but not statistically significant(P＞0.05).Groups B and C showed a significant decrease(P＜0.000 1),while there was no significant difference between groups B and C(P＞0.05).The surface roughness of enamel in groups E and F was significantly lower than that in groups B,C and D(P＜0.001).Conclusion The combined application of Er:YAG laser and remineralizers can enhance the acid resistance of enamel,providing a new reference for the treatment of dental erosion.

Pulp regeneration is currently a hot topic in pulp disease research.With the development of regenerative medicine,pulp regeneration is transitioning from basic research to clinical applications,and stable results have been observed in some cases.However,achieving higher success rates and restoring pulp function remains a challenge in the field of pulp disease.Stem cells,growth factors,and scaffold materials are fundamental elements of tissue engineering.In recent years,dental pulp regeneration related scaffolds have received widespread attention,and new progress has been made in natural,human,and artificially synthesized scaffold materials.This article reviews the scaffold materials for pulp regeneration,aiming to provide reference for the selection of scaffold materials for dental pulp regeneration.

Objective:To investigate the completion rate of tumor evaluation at initial assessment and after neoadjuvant therapy for mid and low rectal cancer patients in the national multicenter real-world database.Methods:The prospective real-world study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 1 074 patients who underwent surgical treatment for mid and low rectal cancer in 47 national medical institutions, including Peking Union Medical College Hospital et al, from May 12,2023 to May 11,2024 were collected. Observation indicators: (1) clinical characteristics of patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (2) initial colonoscopy and pathologic evaluation of tumors in patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (3) initial imaging evaluation of patients with mid and low rectal cancer; (4) imaging evaluation after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3). Count data were described as absoluter numbers and/or percentages. Results:(1) Clinical characteristics of patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 713 males and 361 females, aged 63(56,70)years. The body mass index of 1 074 patients was 24(21,26)kg/m 2.For American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, there were 147 cases of stage Ⅰ, 641 cases of stage Ⅱ, 157 cases of stage Ⅲ, 2 cases of stage Ⅳ, and there were 127 cases missing data. (2) Initial colonoscopy and pathologic evaluation of tumors in patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 787 cases (73.28%) undergoing complete colonoscopy, and there were only 197 cases (18.34%) undergoing immunohistochemical evaluation of all four mismatch repair proteins. (3) Initial imaging evaluation of patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 1 074 patients, there were 842(78.40%) patients completing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound evaluation, and there were 914(85.10%) patients completing chest, abdomen, and pelvis enhanced computed tomography (CT) evaluation. In the 149 patients completing rectal ultrasound evaluation, there were 122 cases (81.88%) comple-ting T staging evaluation, and there were 81 cases (54.36%) completing N staging evaluation. In the 808 patients completing rectal MRI evaluation, there were 708 cases (87.62%) completing T staging evaluation, and there were 590 cases (73.02%) completing N staging evaluation. (4) Imaging evalua-tion after neoadjuvant therapy for patients with mid and low rectal cancer. Of the 388 patients with neoadjuvant therapy, there were 332 patients (85.57%) completing MRI or ultrasound evaluation, and there were 327 patients (84.28%) completing chest, abdomen, and pelvis enhanced CT evalua-tion. In the 70 patients completing rectal ultrasound evaluation, there were 65 cases (92.86%) com-pleting T staging evaluation, and there were 49 cases (70.00%) completing N staging evaluation. In the 327 patients completing rectal MRI evaluation, there were 246 cases (75.23%) completing T staging, and there were 228 cases (69.72%) completing N staging evaluation. Conclusion:The com-pletion rate of tumor imaging evaluation at initial assessment and after neoadjuvant therapy for mid and low rectal cancer patients on a national scale is relatively good.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of～260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

Objective To investigate the effect of Versican V0/V1 on biological behaviors of mouse dental papilla cells(mDPCs).Methods mDPCs were isolated from C57BL/6J mice at embryonic day 16.5(E16.5).A small interfering RNA(siRNA)constructed specifically for Versican V0/V1 was transfected into mDPCs.The silencing efficiency was verified by quantitative real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and immunofluorescence staining.The proliferation rate of mDPCs was determined using EdU assay;the migration ability of mDPCs was evaluated by scratch test and transwell assay.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining and aliz-arin red staining were used to assess the mineralization capability of mDPCs.The molecules related to odontogenic differentiation and mineralization at mRNA levels were measured by qRT-PCR.Results After siRNA transfection,the mDPCs of si-Versican V0/V1 group showed weaker proliferation and migration abilities compared with si-NC group(P＜0.01).An enhanced ALP staining intensity,miner-alized nodule formation and up-regulations of the molecules related to odontogenic differentiation and mineralization at mRNA levels(P＜0.05)were observed in the mDPCs of si-Versican V0/V1 group.Conclusion Versican V0/V1 silencing inhibits the proliferation and migration of mDPCs,but enhances the abilities of odontogenic differentiation and mineralization.