Background: and Purpose Therapeutic target selection in noninvasive brain stimulation for poststroke motor recovery typically relies on the interhemispheric inhibition model, which is effective for mildly affected patients but offers limited benefits for severely affected individuals. The mechanisms governing recovery from moderate-to-severe stroke remain poorly understood, which hinders the development of targeted interventions. Methods: We analyzed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from patients with unilateral subcortical stroke and moderate-to-severe upper limb deficits, both pre- and postintervention, along with data from healthy controls. We developed a novel dynamic lag analysis method for identifying recovery-related homotopic sensorimotor regions with altered interhemispheric interactions. To further uncover the global reorganization pathway, we developed dynamic lateralization approaches to detect large-scale functional connectivity (FC) alterations associated with the identified regions in transient lateralization states. Results: Dynamic time-lag analysis revealed significantly reduced synchronized states in the homotopic dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) post-intervention compared with pre-intervention, which correlated with motor recovery. Further dynamic lateralization analysis revealed a prolonged segregation state in patients, characterized by weakened interhemispheric and strengthened intrahemispheric interactions. In this state, patients showed decreased FC in the ipsilesional PMd and increased FC in the contralesional PMd with bilateral subcortical networks. These recoveryrelated alterations were absent in the traditional static analysis. Conclusions Dynamic analyses targeting interhemispheric interactions are valuable for understanding neural reorganization after stroke. The diminished interactions between the homotopic PMd indicate a compensatory mechanism. Importantly, a state-dependent compensatory pathway was identified, wherein the contralesional PMd assumes the functions of the ipsilesional PMd through enhanced interactions with subcortical structures, potentially guiding more effective interventions.

Objective To investigate the effects of emergency endovascular treatment on the short-term and long-term prognosis of patients with minor stroke(National Institutes of Health stroke scale[NIHSS]score≤5)caused by posterior circulation large vessel occlusion(LVO).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO admitted to the Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from July 2019 to March 2024.The patients were divided into the emergency endovascular treatment group and the standard medical treatment group according to the treatment method.Baseline and clinical data were collected from all patients enrolled,including age,sex,smoking history,history of alcohol consumption,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,atrial fibrillation,transient ischemic attack[TIA],blood pressure on admission,stroke history,coronary heart disease),intravenous thrombolysis,tandem lesions,posterior circulation Alberta stroke program early CT score(pc-ASPECTS)on admission,NIHSS score on admission and discharge,time from onset to admission,responsible occluded vessel(basilar artery,left vertebral artery,right vertebral artery),vertebral artery development(left vertebral artery dominant,right vertebral artery dominant,bilateral vertebral artery dominant),non-lesion side vertebral artery development(poor,good,not applicable),basilar artery on CT angiography(BATMAN)score,leptomeningeal branch compensation(open,not open),surgery-related indicators(number of thrombectomy passes[≤2 times,＞2 times],rescue interventions[stent placement,balloon dilation,arterial thrombolysis,intra-arterial tirofiban infusion],immediate postoperative modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction[mTICI]grade≥2b[successful recanalization],anesthesia method[general,local],endotracheal intubation status[yes,no],duration of mechanical ventilation[not using a ventilator or successfully intubation for≤24 hours and＞24 hours]),in-hospital systematic complications(deep-vein thrombosis,urinary tract infection,lung infection).The primary outcome for short-term prognosis was an excellent outcome(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score of 0-1)within 90 days after onset.Secondary outcomes included a good outcome(mRS score of 0-2)within 90days after onset,recurrent ischemic stroke within 90 days after onset,all-cause mortality within 90 days after onset.Safety outcomes were symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH)within 24 hours of treatment(NIHSS score increased by≥4 points or increased level of consciousness score by≥1 point compared with admission,with visible hemorrhagic lesions on follow-up CT scan)and early neurological deterioration(END,NIHSS score increased by≥2 points or motor score increased by≥1 point compared with admission,within 24 hours after treatment).Long-term outcome was defined as recurrent ischemic stroke within 1 year after onset.Short-term and safety outcomes were compared between the emergency endovascular treatment group and the standard medical treatment group.Kaplan-Meier survival curves was used to evaluate the effect of emergency endovascular treatment on the long-term prognosis.Based on the mRS score at 90 days from onset,all patients were divided into an excellent outcome(mRS score 0-1)group and a non-excellent outcome(mRS score 2-6)group.Baseline and clinical data were compared across the two groups.Variables with statistically significant differences were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to investigate the influencing factor of 90-day excellent outcomes in patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO.Results A total of 56 patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO were enrolled,including 18 patients in the emergency endovascular treatment group and 38 patients in the standard medical treatment group.45 patients achieved excellent outcomes and 11 patients achieved non-excellent outcomes.(1)The emergency endovascular treatment group had lower pc-ASPECTS on admission(8.0[7.0,9.0]points vs.9.0[8.0,10.0]points,P=0.043)and There were no statistically significant differences in the excellent outcome rate,good outcome rate,and ischemic stroke recurrence rate within 90 days after onset between the two groups(all P＞0.05).No all-cause mortality occurred within 90 days after onset in either group.In the emergency endovascular treatment group,one patient developed sICH and one developed END within 24 hours after treatment.(3)No recurrent ischemic stroke in the emergency endovascular treatment group within 1 year after onset,while 3cases(7.89%)of recurrence were observed within 1year after onset in the standard medical treatment group.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ischemic stroke within one year after onset between the two groups(P=0.341).(4)There were statistically significant differences between patients with excellent outcome and patients with non excellent outcome in drinking history,diabetes history,NIHSS score after discharge,distribution of responsible occlusive vessels,and distribution of vertebral artery development(all P＜0.05).The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the NIHSS score at discharge was an independent influencing factor for excellent outcome at 90 days after onset in patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO(OR,0.448,95%CI 0.275-0.728,P=0.001).Conclusions This study shows potential safety and effectiveness of emergency endovascular treatment on patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO,but it is not superior to standard medical treatment in terms of short-term and long-term outcomes.Further large-sample randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate the findings of this study.

Objective To investigate the effects of emergency endovascular treatment on the short-term and long-term prognosis of patients with minor stroke(National Institutes of Health stroke scale[NIHSS]score≤5)caused by posterior circulation large vessel occlusion(LVO).Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO admitted to the Department of Neurology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from July 2019 to March 2024.The patients were divided into the emergency endovascular treatment group and the standard medical treatment group according to the treatment method.Baseline and clinical data were collected from all patients enrolled,including age,sex,smoking history,history of alcohol consumption,medical history(hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,atrial fibrillation,transient ischemic attack[TIA],blood pressure on admission,stroke history,coronary heart disease),intravenous thrombolysis,tandem lesions,posterior circulation Alberta stroke program early CT score(pc-ASPECTS)on admission,NIHSS score on admission and discharge,time from onset to admission,responsible occluded vessel(basilar artery,left vertebral artery,right vertebral artery),vertebral artery development(left vertebral artery dominant,right vertebral artery dominant,bilateral vertebral artery dominant),non-lesion side vertebral artery development(poor,good,not applicable),basilar artery on CT angiography(BATMAN)score,leptomeningeal branch compensation(open,not open),surgery-related indicators(number of thrombectomy passes[≤2 times,＞2 times],rescue interventions[stent placement,balloon dilation,arterial thrombolysis,intra-arterial tirofiban infusion],immediate postoperative modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction[mTICI]grade≥2b[successful recanalization],anesthesia method[general,local],endotracheal intubation status[yes,no],duration of mechanical ventilation[not using a ventilator or successfully intubation for≤24 hours and＞24 hours]),in-hospital systematic complications(deep-vein thrombosis,urinary tract infection,lung infection).The primary outcome for short-term prognosis was an excellent outcome(modified Rankin scale[mRS]score of 0-1)within 90 days after onset.Secondary outcomes included a good outcome(mRS score of 0-2)within 90days after onset,recurrent ischemic stroke within 90 days after onset,all-cause mortality within 90 days after onset.Safety outcomes were symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage(sICH)within 24 hours of treatment(NIHSS score increased by≥4 points or increased level of consciousness score by≥1 point compared with admission,with visible hemorrhagic lesions on follow-up CT scan)and early neurological deterioration(END,NIHSS score increased by≥2 points or motor score increased by≥1 point compared with admission,within 24 hours after treatment).Long-term outcome was defined as recurrent ischemic stroke within 1 year after onset.Short-term and safety outcomes were compared between the emergency endovascular treatment group and the standard medical treatment group.Kaplan-Meier survival curves was used to evaluate the effect of emergency endovascular treatment on the long-term prognosis.Based on the mRS score at 90 days from onset,all patients were divided into an excellent outcome(mRS score 0-1)group and a non-excellent outcome(mRS score 2-6)group.Baseline and clinical data were compared across the two groups.Variables with statistically significant differences were included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis to investigate the influencing factor of 90-day excellent outcomes in patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO.Results A total of 56 patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO were enrolled,including 18 patients in the emergency endovascular treatment group and 38 patients in the standard medical treatment group.45 patients achieved excellent outcomes and 11 patients achieved non-excellent outcomes.(1)The emergency endovascular treatment group had lower pc-ASPECTS on admission(8.0[7.0,9.0]points vs.9.0[8.0,10.0]points,P=0.043)and There were no statistically significant differences in the excellent outcome rate,good outcome rate,and ischemic stroke recurrence rate within 90 days after onset between the two groups(all P＞0.05).No all-cause mortality occurred within 90 days after onset in either group.In the emergency endovascular treatment group,one patient developed sICH and one developed END within 24 hours after treatment.(3)No recurrent ischemic stroke in the emergency endovascular treatment group within 1 year after onset,while 3cases(7.89%)of recurrence were observed within 1year after onset in the standard medical treatment group.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ischemic stroke within one year after onset between the two groups(P=0.341).(4)There were statistically significant differences between patients with excellent outcome and patients with non excellent outcome in drinking history,diabetes history,NIHSS score after discharge,distribution of responsible occlusive vessels,and distribution of vertebral artery development(all P＜0.05).The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the NIHSS score at discharge was an independent influencing factor for excellent outcome at 90 days after onset in patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO(OR,0.448,95%CI 0.275-0.728,P=0.001).Conclusions This study shows potential safety and effectiveness of emergency endovascular treatment on patients with minor stroke caused by posterior circulation LVO,but it is not superior to standard medical treatment in terms of short-term and long-term outcomes.Further large-sample randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate the findings of this study.

Objective:To investigate the impact of delayed ileostomy closure (>6 months) on postoperative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) .Methods:Using propensity score matching. Clinical data of UC patients who underwent IPAA and subsequent ileostomy closure at Jinling Hospital from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were categorized into a routine group (2 to ≤6 months) and a delayed group (>6 months) based on the timing of ileostomy closure. A 1∶1 propensity score matching analysis was performed to compare early (≤30 days) and late (>30 days) postoperative complications between the two groups.Results:A total of 225 UC patients who underwent IPAA and ileostomy closure were included, comprising 129 males (57.3%) and 96 females (42.7%). After propensity score matching, 88 patients were included in the analysis, with 44 patients in each group. There was no significant difference in the overall incidence of early postoperative complications (11.4% vs. 15.9%, P = 0.534) or late postoperative complications (43.2% vs. 43.2%, P = 1.000) between the delayed and routine groups. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in other postoperative complications (all P > 0.05) . Conclusion:Delayed ileostomy closure following IPAA does not significantly increase the risk of postoperative complications in UC patients.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal disease with uncertain etiology and complex mechanism. The interaction between environment and gene is a risk factor of IBD, which includes abnormal DNA methylation. In this review, we discuss the abnormal DNA methylation in IBD patients, and illustrate the interaction between gut microbiota and host through DNA methylation and its mechanism. Finally, we look forward to the prospect of regulating the interaction between gut microbiota and host through DNA methylation in the treatment of IBD.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics, postoperative complications, and risk factors for pouchitis in surgical patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).Methods:This was a retrospective observational study. The clinical data of 336 UC patients who had undergone surgical treatment at the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center of the Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School from February 2014 to February 2024 were enrolled. The study patients were stratified into 2014-2019 ( n = 158) and 2020–2024 groups ( n = 178), these being the periods before and after biologics were covered for treatment of UC by national insurance in China in 2020. Clinical characteristics and surgical complications were analyzed and compared between the 2014-2019 and 2020-2024 groups. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the risk factors associated with pouchitis in UC patients undergoing total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (TPC-IPAA). Results:The study cohort comprised 336 UC patients, 193 (57.4%) of whom were men. The median preoperative disease course was 48.0 months and the mean age at colectomy was 46.4±15.4 years. TPC-IPAA had been performed on 275 patients (81.8%), 129 in the 2014-2019 group and 146 in the 2020-2024 group. Sixty-one patients had undergone total or subtotal colectomy, 29 in the 2014-2019 group and 32 in the 2020-2024 group. 262 (78.0%) UC patients underwent surgery due to medical refractory. Ninety-nine (29.5%) had used biopharmaceuticals within 2 months prior to surgery, 63 (18.8%) of them having received infliximab. A smaller proportion of patients had undergone surgery for UC that was refractory to medications in the 2020–2024 group than in the 2014–2019 group (73.0% [130/178] vs. 83.5% [132/158], χ 2=5.384, P=0.020), the patients were older at colectomy (48.0±15.4 years vs. 44.6±15.2 years, t=-2.008, P=0.045), the body mass index was higher (20.2±3.1 kg/m 2 vs. 19.4±3.2 kg/m 2, t=-2.201, P=0.028), the Mayo score prior to surgery was lower ( M[ Q1, Q3]: 11.0 [9.2, 12.0 points] vs. 12.0 [11.0, 12.0) points, Z=-4.242, P=0.001), the rate of Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 3 scores was higher (27.0% [48/178] vs. 17.1% [27/158], χ 2=5.384, P=0.020), a greater percentage of patients had received biologics prior to surgery (41.0% [73/178) vs. 16.5% [26/158], χ 2=24.285, P<0.001), and intraoperative blood loss was greater ( M[ Q1, Q3]: 100.0 [100.0, 150.0] ml vs. 50.0 [30.0, 100.0] ml, Z=-7.054, P<0.001) despite the operation time being shorter (253.8±74.6 minutes vs. 315.2±96.8 minutes, t=6.265, P<0.001). Among the 275 patients undergoing TPC-IPAA, 95 (34.6%) had early complications (within 30 days after surgery), 20 (7.3%) of which were Clavien-Dindo Grade III–IV complications. Among these patients, 50 (18.2%) had ileus or small bowel obstruction, 11 in the 2014-2019 group and 39 in the 2020-2024 group; this difference is statistically significant (χ 2=15.225, P<0.001). Ninety-one patients (33.1%) had late complications (more than 30 days after surgery), 75 (27.3%) being pouchitis (36 in the 2014-2019 group and 39 in the 2020-2024 group); this difference is not statistically significant (χ 2=0.049, P=0.824). Five patients (1.8%) had undergone pouch excision with permanent ileostomy. Among the 61 patients who had undergone total or subtotal colectomy, 26 (42.6%) developed early postoperative complications, including 10 (16.4%) Clavien-Dindo Grade III-IV complications and one death (1.6%), the last being attributable to multiorgan dysfunction. Three patients (4.9%) had late complications; the difference in incidence of postoperative complications between the 2014-2019 and 2020-2024 groups is not statistically significant (both P>0.05). Multivariable analysis identified intraoperative blood transfusion (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.19–3.75, P=0.010) and interval to stoma closure > 120 days (OR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1.16-3.62, P = 0.013) as independent risk factors for development of pouchitis in UC patients undergoing TPC-IPAA. Conclusion:Surgical treatment of UC remains safe in the biologics era. Proactive strategies to reduce intraoperative blood transfusion and achieve timely stoma closure may reduce the risk of pouchitis in UC patients undergoing TPC-IPAA.

Objective To investigate the effects of different dialysis modalities on serum levels of dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein(dp-ucMGP),lipid profiles,and vascular calcification in maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients,and to identify the risk factors associated with vascular calcification in this population.Methods A total of 87 MHD patients admitted to the hospital between January 2019 and December 2022 were enrolled as study participants.Based on their dialysis modalities,they were categorized into three groups:the hemodialysis(HD)group,the HD combined with hemodiafiltration(HD+HDF)group,and the HD,HDF combined with hemoperfusion(HD+HDF+HP)group,with 29 patients in each group.The serum dp-ucMGP levels,lipid profiles,and extent of vascular calcification were compared across the three groups.Patients were divided into a vascular calcification group and a non-vascular calcification group based on the presence or absence of vascular calcification.Univariate analyses and multivariate analysis were performed to identify factors potentially associated with vascular calcification in patients undergoing MHD.Results The results demonstrated that the levels of blood phosphorus,intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH),serum dp-ucMGP,total cholesterol(TC),triglycerides(TG),and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were significantly higher in the HD group compared to the HD+HDF and HD+HDF+HP groups.Conversely,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)levels were significantly lower in the HD group than in the other two groups,and all differences were statistically signifi-cant(P<0.05).The levels of blood phosphorus,iPTH,and serum dp-ucMGP in the HD+HDF group were sig-nificantly higher than those in the HD+HDF+HP group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Compared with the HD group,the vascular calcification rate in the HD+HDF+HP group was significantly lower(P<0.05).In comparison to the non-vascular calcification group,the vascular calcification group exhibited signifi-cant increases in MHD dialysis duration,age,pulse pressure,blood phosphorus,blood calcium,iPTH,LDL-C,TC,and dp-ucMGP(P<0.05).Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that dialysis vintage,age,serum phos-phorus,calcium,iPTH,and serum dp-ucMGP levels were independently associated with a higher risk of vascular calcification in MHD patients(P<0.05).Conclusions Compared with the simple HD or HD+HDF dialysis mo-dalities,the HD+HDF+HP regimen is associated with lower levels of serum phosphorus,iPTH,dp-ucMGP,lipids,and vascular calcification prevalence in MHD patients.However,dialysis modality itself was not an indepen-dent predictor of vascular calcification.Instead,factors such as dialysis vintage,age,serum phosphorus,calcium,iPTH,and dp-ucMGP were independently associated with vascular calcification in this population.

Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of chylous pleural effusion caused by liver cirrhosis.Methods:The clinical data of 19 cases of liver cirrhosis complicated with chylous pleural effusion admitted at Department of Lymphatic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital from Jun 2013 to Oct 2022 was retrospectively analyzed.Results:There were 12 males (63.2%) and 7 females (36.8%).Ten cases (52.6%) had right chylothorax, and 9 cases (47.4%) had bilateral chylothorax; Seventeen cases (89.5%) had concurrent ascites. Chest fluid examination: 3 cases were milky white (16%), 10 cases were yellow white (53%), 4 cases were orange yellow (21%), and 2 cases were pink (10%).There were 2 cases of exudate and 17 cases of transudate. By radionuclide lymphatic imaging, 9 cases showed increased radiation in the right chest cavity; One case showed increased radiation in the left chest cavity; Five cases showed bilateral chest radiation elevation. By lymphangiography,11 cases showed complete visualization of the thoracic duct, of which 10 cases showed obstruction at the outlet of the thoracic duct. The 10 patients underwent surgical treatment for the release of adhesions at the end of the thoracic duct, and the postoperative result was good. Six patients died during follow-up.Conclusions:Cirrhosis combined with chylous pleural effusion is rare in clinical practice and prognosis is poor. The laboratory examination of pleural effusion is an important basis for determining chylous pleural effusion. The lysis of adhesions at the end of the thoracic duct has a certain therapeutic effect on patients with lymphangiography indicating thoracic duct outlet obstruction.

Objective To evaluate the performance of the artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province. Methods Fifty O. hupensis robertsoni and 50 Tricula samples were collected from Yongbei Township, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, a schistosomiasis-endemic area in Yunnan Province in May 2024. A total of 100 snail sample images were captured with smartphones, including front-view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (upward shell opening) and back-view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (downward shell opening). Snail samples were identified as O. hupensis robertsoni or Tricula by schistosomiasis control experts with a deputy senior professional title and above according to image quality and morphological characteristics. A standard dataset for snail image classification was created, and served as a gold standard for recognition of snail samples. A total of 100 snail sample images were recognized with the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system based on a WeChat mini program in smartphones. Schistosomiasis control professionals were randomly sampled from stations of schistosomisis prevention and control and centers for disease control and prevention in 18 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts, cities) of Yunnan Province, for artificial identification of 100 snail sample images. All professionals are assigned to two groups according the median years of snail survey experiences, and the effect of years of snail survey experiences on O. hupensis robertsoni sample image recognition was evaluated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Youden’s index and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were calculated for recognition of snail sample images. The snail sample image recognition results of AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were compared with the gold standard, and the internal consistency of artificial identification results was evaluated with the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Results A total of 54 schistosomiasis control professionals were sampled for artificial identification of snail sample image recognition, with a response rate of 100% (54/54), and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s index, and AUC of artificial identification were 90%, 86%, 94%, 0.80 and 0.90 for recognition of snail sample images, respectively. The overall Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of artificial identification was 0.768 for recognition of snail sample images, and the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha was 0.916 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images and 0.925 for recognition of Tricula snail sample images. The overall accuracy of artificial identification was 90% for recognition of snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni (86%) and Tricula snail sample images (94%) (χ² = 1.778, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (88%) and downward shell openings (92%) (χ² = 0.444, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less (75%) and more than 6 years (90%) (χ² = 7.792, P < 0.05). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system were 88%, 100%, 76% and 0.88 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images between the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification (χ² = 0.204, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (90%) and downward shell openings (86%) (χ² = 0.379, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less and more than 6 years (χ² = 5.604, P_adjusted < 0.025). Conclusions The accuracy of recognition of snail sample images is comparable between the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification by schistosomiasis control professionals, and the AI-enabled intelligent snail identification system is feasible for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in Yunnan Province.

Objective:To analyze risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (CIP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients based on clinical and radiological characteristics, and to develop and validate a nomogram model for predicting the risk of CIP.Methods:A retrospective case-controlled study was conducted. The clinical data of 159 patients diagnosed with NSCLC in Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital between January 2020 and December 2023 who received immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the development of CIP after immunotherapy, the patients were divided into the CIP group (30 cases) and the control group (129 cases). The clinical data of NSCLC patients, hematological indicators and the data of imaging characteristics before their first ICI treatment were collected. Quantitative assessments were performed on pretreatment chest CT images, including lung total tumor volume, number of involved lung segments, and pulmonary infection index. Logistic regression analysis was used to screen out the factors influencing the development of CIP. R 4.3.0 statistical software was used to construct a nomogram model for predicting CIP based on the statistically significant risk factors identified in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC). Calibration curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were employed to assess the model's consistency and clinical benefit.Results:There were statistically significant differences in the proportions of patients with a history of chest radiotherapy and those receiving different immunotherapy regimens between the control group and the CIP group (both P < 0.001). The difference in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) [ M ( IQR)] between the both groups was statistically significant [211.00 U/L (57.00 U/L) vs. 276.00 U/L (136.00 U/L), Z = -3.41, P < 0.001]; additionally, the difference in lung status score between the 2 groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of chest radiotherapy (with vs. without: OR = 4.200, 95% CI: 1.466-12.036), the combination of immunotherapy (monotherapy vs. the combined therapy: OR = 0.106, 95% CI: 0.022-0.509), LDH ≥ 255.5 U/L (< 255.5 U/L vs. ≥ 255.5 U/L: OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.981-0.995), and severe lung status score(mild vs. moderate vs. severe: OR = 0.187, 95% CI: 0.059-0.593) were independent risk factors for CIP development in NSCLC patients after immunotherapy (all P < 0.05). A nomogram model for predicting CIP occurrence was constructed based on chest radiotherapy history, immunotherapy regimen, LDH, and lung status score. ROC curve analysis showed the AUC was 0.878 (95% CI: 0.813-0.942). The calibration curve demonstrated the good consistency between the predicted risk probability of CIP and the observed outcomes; DCA indicated that the model had favorable clinical benefits. Conclusions:The constructed nomogram prediction model shows a good predictive performance.