Digestive system tumors account for more than half of all malignant tumors in terms of incidence and mortality,and thus pose a serious threat to human health.Haptoglobin(Hp)is an acute-phase glycoprotein that is elevated in both plasma and tumor tissues in various clinical conditions,including different types of cancer,such as liver,gastric,colorectal,pancreatic,and gallbladder cancer.Numerous studies have indicated that Hp plays a significant role in the prognosis of cancer patients,highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker for gastrointestinal tumors,with important clinical applications.Despite its demonstrated crucial role in the development of various tumors,however,the specific mechanisms of Hp in gastrointestinal tumors remain controversial.This review considers the differential expression and clinical significance of Hp in the five major types of gastrointestinal tumors,to explore its role in different stages of cancer progression and prognosis.This review thus aims to provide reliable and accurate serum biomarkers for the screening,early diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis monitoring of gastrointestinal tumors,with important implications for predicting the survival and prognosis of cancer patients.

In line with the rising global incidence of cancer,tumor metastasis has become the leading cause of mortality among cancer patients.Formation of the pre-metastatic niche(PMN)creates an optimal microenvironment for tumor cell colonization and metastasis,thus facilitating tumor dissemination.In this context,cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)have garnered significant attention as a result of their multifaceted roles in tumor progression.CAFs enhance the formation of the PMN and promote the invasive behavior of tumor cells by remodeling the extracellular matrix,inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition,stimulating angiogenesis and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.These processes not only expedite metastasis but also enable tumor immune evasion.This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms and functions of CAFs in tumor metastasis,examines their potential applications in cancer research and therapy,and offers new perspectives and directions for the development of anti-tumor metastasis strategies.

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common malignant life-threatening tumors,with serious impacts on patient quality of life.Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase(SHP2)has recently become a hot topic in the field of cancer research,and has demonstrated a close relationship with CRC.SHP2,encoded by the PTPN11 gene,is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase commonly present in various tissues and cells of the human body.Existing research shows that SHP2 plays a crucial role in regulating CRC and colitis-associated colon cancer(CAC),and the emergence of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors has identified SHP2 as a potential new therapeutic target for patients with CRC.Here we review the structure of SHP2 and its roles in CRC and CAC.

Digestive system tumors account for more than half of all malignant tumors in terms of incidence and mortality,and thus pose a serious threat to human health.Haptoglobin(Hp)is an acute-phase glycoprotein that is elevated in both plasma and tumor tissues in various clinical conditions,including different types of cancer,such as liver,gastric,colorectal,pancreatic,and gallbladder cancer.Numerous studies have indicated that Hp plays a significant role in the prognosis of cancer patients,highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker for gastrointestinal tumors,with important clinical applications.Despite its demonstrated crucial role in the development of various tumors,however,the specific mechanisms of Hp in gastrointestinal tumors remain controversial.This review considers the differential expression and clinical significance of Hp in the five major types of gastrointestinal tumors,to explore its role in different stages of cancer progression and prognosis.This review thus aims to provide reliable and accurate serum biomarkers for the screening,early diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis monitoring of gastrointestinal tumors,with important implications for predicting the survival and prognosis of cancer patients.

In line with the rising global incidence of cancer,tumor metastasis has become the leading cause of mortality among cancer patients.Formation of the pre-metastatic niche(PMN)creates an optimal microenvironment for tumor cell colonization and metastasis,thus facilitating tumor dissemination.In this context,cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)have garnered significant attention as a result of their multifaceted roles in tumor progression.CAFs enhance the formation of the PMN and promote the invasive behavior of tumor cells by remodeling the extracellular matrix,inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition,stimulating angiogenesis and modulating the tumor immune microenvironment.These processes not only expedite metastasis but also enable tumor immune evasion.This paper reviews the fundamental mechanisms and functions of CAFs in tumor metastasis,examines their potential applications in cancer research and therapy,and offers new perspectives and directions for the development of anti-tumor metastasis strategies.

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common malignant life-threatening tumors,with serious impacts on patient quality of life.Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase(SHP2)has recently become a hot topic in the field of cancer research,and has demonstrated a close relationship with CRC.SHP2,encoded by the PTPN11 gene,is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase commonly present in various tissues and cells of the human body.Existing research shows that SHP2 plays a crucial role in regulating CRC and colitis-associated colon cancer(CAC),and the emergence of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors has identified SHP2 as a potential new therapeutic target for patients with CRC.Here we review the structure of SHP2 and its roles in CRC and CAC.

Objective:To investigate the association between peripheral immune function status and lung cancer metastasis,and to identify peripheral blood immune biomarkers for'Deficiency of Vital Qi'assessment in lung cancer metastasis.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on peripheral blood immune markers collected before treatment from lung cancer patients admitted into Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,between March 2023 and April 2025.Patients were categorized into the non-metastatic and the metastatic groups based on the presence of distant metastasis,and the differences in the expressions of immune cells and cytokines between groups were compared.Peripheral blood immune markers with P<0.05 in univariate analysis were incorporated into a multivariate binary logistic regression model to identify independent predictors of lung cancer metastasis.Results:A total of 193 lung cancer patients were included(101 in the non-metastatic group and 92 in the metastatic group).There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender,age,smoking history,drinking history,or pathological type(all P>0.05).Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in multiple immune markers between the non-metastatic and metastatic groups(all P<0.05),including:lymphocyte count,CD3+,CD4+,and CD8+T,CD19+B cells,absolute counts of CD3-CD16+CD56+NK cells,percentages of Treg cells,CD8+CD28+Treg cells,G-MDSC,and CD3-CD16+CD56+dim NK cells,and levels of cytokine IL-1β,IL-6,and IL-10.Binary logistic regression analysis of differential indicators suggested that the percentage of Treg cells and CD8+CD28+Treg cells in peripheral blood were independent predictors of distant metastasis in lung cancer(OR=1.193,95%CI[1.047,1.36],P<0.01;OR=0.978,95%CI[0.957,0.999],P<0.05).Conclusion:Peripheral blood immune dysfunction is the biological basis for'qi deficiency'in lung cancer metastasis.This study quantitatively demonstrates the correlation between peripheral immune function status and lung cancer metastasis,providing empirical evidence for the theories of'qi deficiency and hidden toxicity'and'metastatic state of tumors'.

Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)are the predominant cell group in the tumor microenvironment(TME)and are the most important regulatory cells of immune system suppression and tumor cell proliferation in TIME.Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP-2)is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase that plays an important role in the transmission of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus.SHP-2 is a key intracellular regulatory factor mediating cell proliferation and differentiation and is involved in a variety of growth factor and cytokine signaling pathways linking the cell surface to the nucleus.Recent studies have shown that SHP-2 is a key enzyme in determining the function of TAMs,but because of its variable function,it plays different or even opposite roles in different solid TMEs.This paper reviews the function of SHP-2 in TAMs and related solid tumors to provide a comprehensive reference for tumor immunity and targeted therapy research.

BACKGROUND:Nowadays,posterior cruciate ligament injury caused by a sports injury or vehicle injury is more common than people think.Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is one of the main treatment methods,but there are still a lot of controversies about the surgical method and ligament selection of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. OBJECTIVE:To comprehensively analyze the global application trend of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and identify promising research hotspots of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction based on bibliometrics and visual analysis. METHODS:Publications(articles and reviews)related to posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction from 2000 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science(WOS).The country,institution,publication year,author,journal,average citations per item,H index,title,keywords of publication,and the top 25 cited articles were extracted and analyzed in detail.The VOSviewer/citespace/Pajek software was used to analyze the co-occurrence result of keywords to predict the hotspots of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 664 articles were included.(1)In the past 22 years,the number of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction articles has shown an increasing trend in general.The top 3 countries(the USA,China,and South Korea)accounted for 65.51%of all articles published.The USA has the largest number of publications.The University of Pittsburgh is the largest contributor.Knee Surgery Sports Traumatol Arthrosc and American Journal of Sports Medicine are the most influential journals.Laprade,Robert F.is the professor who has published the most articles in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,and Fanelli,GC is the professor who has the highest total chain strength in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.(2)The research direction can be divided into the following five clusters:"posterior cruciate ligament anatomical and biomechanical studies","posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction prognosis,outcome,and complications","posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgical method and tendon selection","surgical technique",and"posterior cruciate ligament tear combined with multiple ligament injury".(3)It is concluded that in terms of the trend of previous years,an increasing number of articles related to posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction will be published in the future.The USA is a world leader in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.China and South Korea presented great potential in this area.Anatomical and biomechanical research of posterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction methods and the selection of tendons may be the future hotspots in the field of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Objective:To identify the spatial clustering and its temporal trends among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Henan Province during 1995-2020, and to provide evidence for strategies on prevention and control of the disease.Methods:Information about newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Henan between 1995 and 2020 were obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and to describe their demographic characteristics, spatial autocorrelation and changing trends. This program was conducted at county level, using the ArcGIS 10.2.Results:A total of 96 528 HIV/AIDS cases with complete current address information in counties (districts) were newly reported during 1995-2020 in Henan, and the spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that Global Moran's I index was 0.249, Z G value of the Global Getis-Ord G coefficient was 6.472 (all P<0.001), indicating that there was a high clustered positive spatial autocorrelation of HIV/AIDS. The newly reported HIV/AIDS cases from 1995 to 2000, 2001 to 2005, 2006 to 2010, 2011 to 2015, and 2016 to 2020 in Henan Province all exhibited high values of global spatial clustering. Their Moran's I indices were 0.197, 0.103, 0.491, 0.411 and 0.383, respectively. The Z G values of the Global Getis-Ord G coefficient were 4.580, 3.386, 10.246, 8.378 and 8.093, respectively. All of global spatial correlation were statistically significant (all P<0.001). The results of local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Henan Province had high-high clustering areas at each time stage mentioned above. The number of high-high clustering counties/districts gradually increased from 6 in 2001-2005 to 21 in 2016-2020, spreading from Zhumadian City and Zhoukou City in southeast Henan to Nanyang City in southwest Henan, Zhengzhou City and its surrounding counties/districts in central Henan. Conclusions:In Henan Province, an increasing trend of clusters appeared on HIV epidemic among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases from 1995 to 2020, and high-high clustering areas gradually expanded from Zhumadian City and Zhoukou City to Nanyang City, Zhengzhou City and its surrounding counties/districts, indicating that it is necessary to strengthen the AIDS prevention and control programs in these areas in Henan.