Objective:To investigate the dose characteristics of the Zeiss INTRABEAM system in air and water, providing dose reference for electronic brachytherapy.Methods:A Monte Carlo program was used to establish a three-dimensional model of a miniature X-ray source vacuum drift tube and a 4 cm spherical applicator. The process of electron beam bombardment on a gold target to generate X-rays was simulated, and parameters such as photon fluence spectrum, percentage depth dose, and half-value layer were calculated. Additionally, the radial dose uniformity in water was measured.Results:The average energy of X-rays at 3 cm in air was 20.8 keV, with a half-value layer of 0.08 mm Al. Under the influence of the applicator, the spectrum becomes hardened, with axial and radial average energies of 28.7 and 29.0 keV, respectively. In water, the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve follows an inverse cubic decay with depth, indicating strong dose concentration and rapid fall-off in near-field irradiation. The radial dose uniformity in water exceeded 99.5%.Conclusions:The INTRABEAM device emits low-energy X-rays characterized by shallow penetration depth, and concentrated dose delivery. Its highly uniform dose distribution ensures comprehensive coverage of the target area, making it particularly suitable for treating superficial tumors and for intraoperative radiotherapy at close range.

Objective To conduct a rapid health technology assessment(rHTA)of the efficacy,safety,and cost-effectiveness of tirzepatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to provide evidence for clinical medication.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane Library,WanFang Data,CNKI databases,and health technology assessment(HTA)websites were searched to collect systematic reviews/Meta-analysis,pharmacoecomic literature and HTA reports of tirzepatide in the treatment of T2DM from inception to February 28,2025.Two researchers independently conducted literature screening,data extraction,and quality assessment,and then summarized and analyzed the results.Results A total of 13 articles were included,comprising 2 HTA reports,8 systematic reviews/Meta-analyses,and 3 pharmacoeconomic studies.In terms of efficacy,tirzepatide outperformed placebo or other antidiabetic drugs in reducing glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),increasing the rate of HbA1c＜7％,lowering blood glucose,and reducing weight.The antihyperglycemic and weight-loss effects of tirzepatide were dose-dependent,and it also had certain advantages in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and renal composite endpoint events.Regarding safety,the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events in the tirzepatide group was higher than that in the placebo group and the insulin group,mainly manifested as diarrhea,nausea,and vomiting.However,it did not increase the risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events,nor did it increase the risk of hypoglycemia and pancreatitis.In terms of cost-effectiveness,tirzepatide had cost-utility and cost-effectiveness advantages compared with semaglutide and other antidiabetic drugs.Conclusion Compared with other antidiabetic drugs,tirzepatide has better efficacy,safety,and cost-effectiveness in the treatment of T2DM.

Objective To conduct a rapid health technology assessment(rHTA)of the efficacy,safety,and cost-effectiveness of tirzepatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and to provide evidence for clinical medication.Methods PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane Library,WanFang Data,CNKI databases,and health technology assessment(HTA)websites were searched to collect systematic reviews/Meta-analysis,pharmacoecomic literature and HTA reports of tirzepatide in the treatment of T2DM from inception to February 28,2025.Two researchers independently conducted literature screening,data extraction,and quality assessment,and then summarized and analyzed the results.Results A total of 13 articles were included,comprising 2 HTA reports,8 systematic reviews/Meta-analyses,and 3 pharmacoeconomic studies.In terms of efficacy,tirzepatide outperformed placebo or other antidiabetic drugs in reducing glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),increasing the rate of HbA1c＜7％,lowering blood glucose,and reducing weight.The antihyperglycemic and weight-loss effects of tirzepatide were dose-dependent,and it also had certain advantages in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and renal composite endpoint events.Regarding safety,the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events in the tirzepatide group was higher than that in the placebo group and the insulin group,mainly manifested as diarrhea,nausea,and vomiting.However,it did not increase the risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events,nor did it increase the risk of hypoglycemia and pancreatitis.In terms of cost-effectiveness,tirzepatide had cost-utility and cost-effectiveness advantages compared with semaglutide and other antidiabetic drugs.Conclusion Compared with other antidiabetic drugs,tirzepatide has better efficacy,safety,and cost-effectiveness in the treatment of T2DM.

Objective:To investigate the dose characteristics of the Zeiss INTRABEAM system in air and water, providing dose reference for electronic brachytherapy.Methods:A Monte Carlo program was used to establish a three-dimensional model of a miniature X-ray source vacuum drift tube and a 4 cm spherical applicator. The process of electron beam bombardment on a gold target to generate X-rays was simulated, and parameters such as photon fluence spectrum, percentage depth dose, and half-value layer were calculated. Additionally, the radial dose uniformity in water was measured.Results:The average energy of X-rays at 3 cm in air was 20.8 keV, with a half-value layer of 0.08 mm Al. Under the influence of the applicator, the spectrum becomes hardened, with axial and radial average energies of 28.7 and 29.0 keV, respectively. In water, the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve follows an inverse cubic decay with depth, indicating strong dose concentration and rapid fall-off in near-field irradiation. The radial dose uniformity in water exceeded 99.5%.Conclusions:The INTRABEAM device emits low-energy X-rays characterized by shallow penetration depth, and concentrated dose delivery. Its highly uniform dose distribution ensures comprehensive coverage of the target area, making it particularly suitable for treating superficial tumors and for intraoperative radiotherapy at close range.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective:To test a new method with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) to determine the β-ray and γ-ray doses of β-γ mixed radiation fields.Methods:TLDs for personal dose monitoring were irradiated in the reference radiation fields of β-rays ( 90Sr/ 90Y, 85Kr) and γ-rays ( 137Cs). Across the range of 2.0-15.0 mSv, the linearity of TLD response and normalized response with respect to 137Cs were determined at the depths of Hp(10) and Hp(0.07). Using TLD detector readings at the depths of Hp(10) and Hp(0.07), β- and γ-ray doses in the mixed radiation fields were determined, and the result were verified. Results:For Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) under γ-ray exposure and Hp(0.07) under β-ray exposure, the coefficient of determination ( R2) were all >0.998. For the 90Sr/ 90Y source and 85Kr source, the average values of response values normalized with respect to 137Cs at different doses were 1.14 and 0.18, respectively; and the normalized response values derived from the slope values of the dose-response curves for the two sources were 1.17 and 0.18, respectively. The ratios of measurements of Hp(10) to Hp(0.07), kR, for the 85Kr source were close to 0, while the kR values for the 137Cs source were close to 1. Using the average value of kR and the slope value of kR for calculation, the maximum relative deviations between the calculated values and conventional values for Hp(10) γ, Hp(0.07) γ, and Hp(0.07) β were 6.1% and 6.0%, respectively. Conclusions:This method can be applied for the assessment of β-ray and γ-ray doses in β-γ mixed radiation fields of a single β source and single γ source.

Objective To carry out a proficiency testing of content determination of geniposide in Gardeniae fructus,evaluate the content determination ability of index components in traditional Chinese medicine in the laboratory of inspection and detection in drug-related fields,and improve the quality control ability of content determination of related laboratories.Methods The laboratory's capability-verification activities were conducted based on the CNAS-RL02 Rules for Proficiency Testing and ISO/IEC 17043 Conformity Assessment-General Requirements for Proficiency Testing.After preparing the sample,the results of homogeneity and stability tests were analyzed according to CNAS-GL003 Guidance on Evaluating the Homogeneity and Stability of Samples Used for Proficiency Testing.After the test results were qualified,they were used as proficiency testing samples and randomly distributed to participants.The results were collected,and the robust statistical method and the Z scores were used to analyze the results of these laboratories'reports.Results 403 laboratories in this proficiency testing program reported the results,of which 367 results were acceptable,accounting for 91.07％,17(4.22％)laboratories obtained suspicious results,and 19 laboratories gave unsatisfactory results,with the dissatisfaction rate of 4.71％.Conclusion The majority of the 403 participant laboratories have the ability to determine the content of geniposide in Gardeniae fructus by HPLC and the laboratory testing ability and quality management level of the drug monitoring system are high.This proficiency testing provides a basis for understanding the technical reserve capacity and management level of China's pharmaceutical inspection and testing laboratories,and provides technical support for future government supervision.

Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata is a processed product of Polygoni multiflori radix(Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.),and its main components include stilbene glycosides,anthraquinones,flavonoids,alkaloids,phenolic acids,etc.It has antioxidant,antianemic,anti-tumor,hypoglycemic,anti-inflammatory effects,etc,and is widely used in clinical practice.The processing technology is mainly stewinging with black bean juice,steaming,processing for 9 times and braising and simmering.After processing,the color deepens and the content of composition changes.By consulting domestic and foreign literature,the research on Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata is not comprehensive enough compared with Polygoni multiflori radix.Therefore,this paper mainly summarizes the processing technology,chemical composition and pharmacological activity of Polygoni multiflori radix preparata reported in the past 20 years,and provides a reference for further development of Polygoni multiflori radix preparata.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between intracerebral high-density foci and progressive stroke (PS) morbidity by using dual-energy CT, which can quantify the intracerebral high-density foci of patients with acute ischemic stroke after endovascular treatment.Methods:Ninety-two patients with acute ischemic stroke who received interventional treatment in Gaozhou People′s Hospital from May 2019 to August 2020, and underwent dual-energy CT scan immediately after intervention, were analyzed. The patients were divided into PS group ( n=35) and non-PS group ( n=57) according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and the patients whose NIHSS score increased≥4 points within 72 hours of stroke were included in the PS group, while the patients whose NIHSS score increased<4 points were included in the non-PS group. The clinical data, volume of high-density foci and CT values were compared between the 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding factors and screen for risk factors. The correlations of the admission NIHSS score, presence and volume of high-density lesions, maximum CT (CTmax) value and average CT (CTave) value with the onset of PS were analyzed, and the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to screen predictive indicators of PS. Results:In the PS group, the NIHSS score (18.80±8.50 vs 14.40±9.58, t=2.229, P=0.028), proportion of high-density foci [29/35(82.9%) vs 32/57 (56.1%), χ 2=6.928, P=0.008], high-density focal volume [13.23 (39.33) cm 3vs 0.76 (9.82) cm 3, U=1 440.000, P<0.001], CTmax value [80.00 (92.00) HU vs 65.00 (87.50) HU, U=1 337.000, P=0.005] and CTave value [53.48 (23.79) HU vs 45.94 (55.11) HU, U=1 345.000, P=0.004] were higher than those in the non-PS group. The NIHSS score ( OR=1.054, 95% CI 1.004-1.106, P=0.033; rs=0.255, 95% CI 0.051-0.447, P=0.014), presence of high-density foci ( OR=3.776, 95% CI 1.358-10.503, P=0.011; rs=0.274, 95% CI 0.093-0.460, P=0.008), high-density focal volume ( OR=1.026, 95% CI 1.003-1.049, P=0.027; rs=0.381, 95% CI 0.183-0.560, P<0.001), CTmax value ( OR=1.006, 95% CI 1.001-1.011, P=0.014; rs=0.292, 95% CI 0.088-0.475, P=0.005) and CTave value ( OR=1.021, 95% CI 1.007-1.035, P=0.004; rs=0.299, 95% CI 0.092-0.484, P=0.004) were all risk factors affecting PS morbidity and were positively correlated with PS morbidity. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of NIHSS score, high-density lesion volume, CTmax value, and CTave value to predict the onset of PS was 0.652, 0.722, 0.670 and 0.674, respectively. The volume of high-density lesions had moderate predictive value for the onset of PS. Conclusions:For AIS patients, CT examination should be performed immediately after interventional operation. The volume, CTmax value and CTave value of high-density lesions newly appeared in the ischemic area are positively correlated with the onset of PS. Quantifying the volume of high-density lesions can help to predict the onset of PS.