Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

Background and aims The mechanism of cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is unclear, and effective therapies are lacking. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists show potential hepatoprotective effect and pyroptosis is implicated in hepatocellular damage, how PPARα activation mitigates lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced pyroptosis remains unknown. Methods The hepatoprotective effect of PPARα agonists was evaluated in a mouse model of intrahepatic cholestasis induced by LCA. Liver injury was assessed via serum biochemistry, hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining, and electron microscopy. Pyroptosis pathways were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and co-immunoprecipitation. Results Combined morphological, histopathological, and biochemical analyses confirmed that PPARα activation protects against CLI. Compared with LCA treatment alone, PPARα activation significantly attenuated the elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the increased TUNEL-positive cells, and the formation of hepatocyte membrane pores. Mechanistically, PPARα activation suppressed both NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (APAF-1)/CASPASE-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. Furthermore, PPARα agonist pretreatment inhibited activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) signaling pathways. Conclusions PPARα protects against LCA-induced CLI by inhibiting both NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis associated with NF-κB and APAF-1/CASPASE-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis associated with the FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Skeletal muscle atrophy refers to a pathological condition characterized by muscle fiber atrophy as well as decreased muscle mass and muscle strength induced by various predisposing factors. It falls under the category of “flaccidity syndrome” in traditional Chinese medicine， and its pathogenesis is mainly associated with disturbed protein homeostasis， mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress injury. Active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine exerts synergistic regulatory effects via multiple pathways， thus possessing unique advantages in the clinical prevention and treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine alleviate skeletal muscle atrophy. Existing studies have demonstrated that such active ingredients can ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy through multiple approaches： regulating protein metabolic balance （geniposide， matrine， schisandrin A， etc.） and oxidative stress （astragaloside Ⅳ， Gastrodia elata polysaccharide， Angelica sinensis polysaccharide， etc.）， improving mitochondrial function （parthenolide， berberine， curcumin， etc.）， facilitating myogenesis and myogenic differentiation （cucurbitacin Ⅱb， saikosaponin A， saikosaponin D， etc.）， suppressing inflammatory response （ursolic acid， triptolide， emodin， etc.）， ameliorating insulin resistance （akebiasaponin D， etc.）. In the future， active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine are expected to achieve breakthroughs in clinical treatment for skeletal muscle atrophy， providing novel ideas and strategies for the prevention and treatment of degenerative disorders.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

AIM To evaluate the quality of Tibetan medicine"Sangdi"based on HPLC fingerprints combined with chemometrics.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 30 ℃ thermostatic Welch Ultimate AQ-C18 column(250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.2％phosphoric acid flowing at 1 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 245 nm,after which cluster analysis,principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed,the contents of gentiopicroside,sweroside,mangiferin,isoorientin,8-hydroxy-1,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone(R2)and 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone(R3)were determined.RESULTS There were 18 common peaks in the fingerprints for 15 batches of samples with the similarities of more than 0.90.Six constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(R 2 ≥ 0.999 2),whose average recoveries were 96.93％-103.58％with the RSDs of 0.82％-2.9％.Various batches of samples were clustered into 2 categories,4 principal components demonstrated the accumulative variance contribution rate of 86.404％,mangiferin,gentiopicroside and isoorientin were taken as quality difference markers.CONCLUSION This stable,reliable and reproducibe method can provide a reference for the comprehensive quality evaluation of"Sangdi".

Objective:To investigate the status of development and application of information system of central sterile supply department(CSSD)in hospitals of China,so as to provide references for the promotion of CSSD information system in hospital.Methods:Hierarchical sampling method was adopted to combine with CSSD Professional Committee of Chinese Nursing Association to design questionnaire for Questionnaire Star Network Survey about basic information,CSSD information system,whether the CSSD information system connected with equipment,tracing links and tracing levels,identification method of apparatuses,automation of equipment in 3,074 hospitals of 22 provinces,4 municipalities directly under the central government,and 5 autonomous regions.Results:In 3,074 hospitals,1,811 hospitals(accounting for 58.91%)adopted the CSSD information system.The utilization rate of tertiary hospitals was 81.90%for the information system,which was higher than that(34.51%)in secondary hospitals,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=636.65,P<0.05).The proportion of hospitals that included the recycling,cleaning,disinfection,inspection and packaging,sterilization,storage,and distribution links of CSSD internal management into information management was all>88%,while the utilization link only accounted for 15.18%.The proportion that surgical apparatuses and the apparatuses of clinical diagnosis and treatment were included in management was higher in 1811 hospitals that used CSSD information system,which were respectively 88.02%and 84.70%,while the proportion of surgical soft endoscope was lower,which only was 49.20%.A total of 84.37%of hospitals conducted informatization management for using extracorporeal apparatuses and implants.The connection rates of the main CSSD equipment,which included the washing and disinfection machine,the pressure steam sterilizer and the low-temperature sterilizer,were connected with information system were respectively 56.60%,63.06%and 43.95%.The full compatibility between the information system and all monitoring methods did not be realized in these hospitals.Barcode was the main identification form(69.91%)of the CSSD information system,and personnel management was the most common management module(53.62%)of the information system.The utilization rate(2.93%-5.14%)of automated equipment was low,and 35.45%of the CSSD information systems had the function of automatic emergency handling.Conclusion:The CSSD informatization management of China has achieved remarkable results,but there are still problems such as insufficient connection of equipment,inclusion of monitoring data,and insufficient automation and intelligence.It is necessary to increase the promotion efforts to promote the high-quality development of hospitals.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of shortening the time of long exercise test (LET) from 120 to 60 minutes by analyzing the positive rate within 60 minutes among periodic paralysis (PP) patients who were positive in 120-minute test.Methods:The data of patients undergoing 120-minute LET from January 2015 to October 2021 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed, with 30%, 33%, and 40% as diagnostic cut-off values, respectively. PP patients with positive results within 120 minutes after exercise were enrolled in the study. The positive rate within 30 minutes and 60 minutes after exercise was calculated. The change rates of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and the sensitivity and specificity of LET at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 120 minutes after exercise were analyzed. The change rate of CMAP amplitude in PP patients who did not show positive results within 60 minutes was further calculated.Results:A total of 254 patients were examined, including 114 PP patients. With 30%, 33%, and 40% as diagnostic cut-off values, the results showed that there were 88, 88, and 82 positive PP patients, respectively. Under each diagnostic cut-off values, the age of positive PP patients was (32±10) years, with a male proportion of 98% (86/88), 98% (86/88), and 99% (81/82), respectively; the positive rate of PP patients within 30 minutes after exercise was 60% (53/88), 58% (51/88), and 41% (34/82), respectively; the positive rate of PP patients within 60 minutes after exercise was 91% (80/88), 86% (76/88), and 83% (68/82), respectively. At the cut-off values of 30%, 33% and 40%, the change rate of CMAP amplitude at 30 minutes [-36% (-49%, -23%), -36% (-49%, -23%), -37% (-51%, -24%)], 60 minutes [-51% (-66%, -40%), -51% (-66%, -40%), -53% (-66%, -42%)] and 120 minutes [-57% (-67%, -45%), -57% (-67%, -45%), -58% (-67%, -46%)] after exercise showed statistically significant difference among 3 time points ( H=57.764, 57.764, 59.616, respectively, all P<0.001); the further comparison between time points showed that there was statistically significant difference in the change rate of CMAP amplitude between 60 minutes ( Z=5.419, 5.419, 5.531, respectively, all P<0.001), 120 minutes ( Z=7.325, 7.325, 7.431, respectively, all P<0.001) and 30 minutes after exercise, but there was no statistically significant difference in the change rate of CMAP amplitude between 120 minutes and 60 minutes after exercise ( Z=1.906, 1.906, 1.899, respectively, all P>0.05); the sensitivity of LET for the diagnosis of PP at 60 minutes after exercise was 70.2% (80/114), 66.7% (76/114) and 59.6% (68/114), and the specificity of LET for the diagnosis of PP was 77.9% (109/140), 84.3% (118/140) and 91.4%(128/140), respectively. When 30%, 33% and 40% were used as the diagnostic cut-off values, and the change rate of CMAP amplitude at 60 minutes after exercise fell below these cut-off values but showed a decline of ≥20%, ≥22% and ≥24%, respectively, the detection time should be extended to 120 minutes. Conclusions:Whether using 30%, 33%, or 40% as diagnostic cut-off values, it is feasible to shorten the LET time from 120 minutes to 60 minutes. The 60-minute LET has good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PP. It is recommended to extend the detection time to 120 minutes for patients with a ≥20%, ≥22%, or ≥24% decline in CMAP amplitude at 60 minutes after exercise while falling short of corresponding diagnostic cut-off values when 30%, 33%, and 40% are used as diagnostic cut-off values. This method can not only improve the examination efficiency of LET, but also minimize the missed diagnosis as much as possible.

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a kind of treatment and health care method with original advantages of China.With the rapid development of epigenetics and systems biology technology,non-coding RNA(ncRNA)related research has made continuous breakthroughs in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion.This article collected the basic research literature on acupuncture and moxibustion related to ncRNA,and reviewed the research subsystems related to microRNA(miRNA),long chain non coding RNA(lncRNA)and circular RNA(circRNA).NcRNAs are widely involved in the growth,development and reproduction of the organism,as well as in the occurrence and development of various diseases,which fits with the multi-layer,multi-pathway and multi-target action network of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.Taking ncRNAs as the breakthrough point to explore the mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion in depth is not only conducive to promoting the exploration of new targets of acupuncture and moxibustion effect,but also can reveal the epigenetic regulation axis of acupuncture and moxibustion effect molecules,and provide ideas and methods for clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases and evaluation of efficacy.

Arsenic is a semi-metal,and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds are one of the widespread forms in the environment and food chain,but there is a lack of standards for lipid-soluble arsenic compounds,which is one of the bottlenecks in the current analytical detection and toxicological studies of organic arsenic.In this study,four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,AsHC 318,AsHC 332,AsHC 346,and AsHC 374(The number is relative molecular mass),were successfully synthesized in three steps by using dimethylarsinic acid,potassium iodide,sodium hydroxide,and four brominated alkanes(1-Bromotetradecane,1-bromopentadecane,1-bromohexadecane,and 1-bromooctadecane)as raw materials.The structures of these four saturated arsenic-containing hydrocarbons were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy,13C nuclear magnetic resonance(13C NMR)spectroscopy,and high-resolution mass spectrometry(HR-MS).The yields of the method were 8%-10%,and the synthesized compounds could be used in subsequent toxicity evaluation experiments to assess the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.This study provided an effective method for synthesis of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,enriching the synthesis methods of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons,and provided raw materials for the subsequent toxicological studies of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons.

Objective:To investigate the effect of intestinal air cavity on dose distribution of volumetric intensity modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for cervical cancer.Methods:A total of 10 patients who underwent radiotherapy for cervical cancer at Suzhou Municipal Hospital from January to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. For each patient, the same optimization parameters were used to design both a normal full-arc plan and a field avoidance-region plan. The intestinal air cavity identified on computed tomography (CT) imaging was outlined as a separate structure. The dose distribution of the two plans were compared before and after changing the CT value (the electron density of the intestinal air cavity) to 0, using a paired t-test. Additionally, consecutive three-week cone beam CT (CBCT) images were collected for each patient. The intestinal air cavities from the three-week CBCT images were mapped onto the original CT, and the dose distributions of both plans were calculated on the CBCT images. The differences in dose distributions compared to the original plan were analyzed to assess plan robustness. Results:The 105% prescription dose coverage of the target volume ( V105) [(43.62±5.18)%)] within the target area for the field avoidance-region plan was greater than that for the normal full-arc plan [(36.38±10.20)%], with a statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). After modifying the electron density of the intestinal air cavity, the dose distribution in the target area worsened for both plans. However, the V100 and V105 for the field avoidance-region plan [(?0.64±0.58)%, (?2.16±1.66)%] were smaller than those for the normal full-arc plan [(?2.52±1.91)%, (?6.79±2.02)%], with a statistically significant difference (both P<0.05).The V30 for the small intestine in the field avoidance-region plan [(40.28±4.77)%] was lower than that in the normal full-arc plan [(42.63±4.82)%]. The V40 for the rectum [(61.70±15.39)%] and the V20 [(36.32±3.09)%, (35.06±5.32)%] and V30 [(17.76±3.05)%, (16.67±8.14)%] for the left and right femoral heads were higher than those in the normal full-arc plan {(59.72±15.13)%, [(31.36±3.97)%, (27.00±7.79%)] and [(12.99±4.55)%, (11.11±7.20)%]}, respectively, with a statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The changes in V105 on the weekly CBCT images [(3.27±2.91)%, (2.07±2.93)%, (2.14±2.08)%] and V100 on the second and third weeks′ images [(0.44±0.54)%, (0.54±0.50)%] for the field avoidance-region plan were smaller than those for the normal full-arc plan [(8.22±5.87)%, (5.31±3.97)%, (6.91±3.34)% and (1.70±1.53)%, (2.22±1.97)%], with a statistically significant difference (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The field avoidance-region plan demonstrates higher robustness and better small bowel protection than the normal full-arc plan. The influence of intestinal air cavities on dose distribution should be considered during VMAT planing for cervical cancer to guide optimal plan selection.