Objective To investigate the feasibility of establishing an animal model of rectovaginal fistula in rabbits by magnetic compression technique.Methods A magnetic device suitable for preparing rabbit rectovaginal fistula model was self-designed.Eight New Zealand female rabbits were used as experimental subjects.They were placed in a supine position after auricular intravenous anesthesia,and the magnets were placed on both sides of the rectovaginal septum through the vagina and anus,respectively,and the magnets were made to attract together.The operation time was recorded,the general state of the experimental rabbits was observed after operation,and the time of magnet discharge was recorded.The experimental rabbits were killed 1 week after operation to obtain rectovaginal fistula specimens,and the formation of rectovaginal fistula was observed by naked eye.Results The animal model of rectovaginal fistula was successfully established in 8 experimental rabbits.The operation process was smooth,with an average time of(1.63±0.70)minutes.The rabbits were generally in good condition after operation.The magnet was discharged from the body at(4.63±0.99)day after operation,and the rectovaginal fistula specimens were obtained 1 week after operation,and the rectovaginal fistula was well formed by naked eye observation.Conclusion The establishment of rabbit rectovaginal fistula model by magnetic compression technique has the advantages of simple operation and high success rate of model preparation.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-positive bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:A total of 3 163 strains of Gram-positive pathogens were collected from 51 member units，and the top five bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 147，36.3%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=928，29.3%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=369，11.7%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=296，9.4%）and alpha-hemolyticus Streptococci（ n=192，6.1%）. The detection rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）were 26.4%（303/1 147）and 66.7%（619/928），respectively. No glycopeptide and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. The sensitivity rates of Staphylococcus aureus to cefpirome，rifampin，compound sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline and tigecycline were all >95.0%. Enterococcus faecium was more prevalent than Enterococcus faecalis. The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and teicoplanin were both 0.5%（2/369），and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The detection rate of MRSA in southern China was significantly lower than that in other regions（ χ2=14.578， P=0.002），while the detection rate of MRCNS in northern China was significantly higher than that in other regions（ χ2=15.195， P=0.002）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in provincial hospitals were higher than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=13.519 and 12.136， P<0.001）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in economically more advanced regions（per capita GDP≥92 059 Yuan in 2022）were higher than those in economically less advanced regions（per capita GDP<92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=9.969 and 7.606， P=0.002和0.006）. Conclusions:Among the Gram-positive pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China， Staphylococci is the most common while the MRSA incidence decreases continuously with time；the detection rate of Enterococcus faecium exceeds that of Enterococcus faecalis. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is still at a low level. The composition ratio of Gram-positive pathogens and resistant profiles varies slightly across regions of China，with the prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS being more pronounced in provincial hospitals and areas with a per capita GDP≥92 059 yuan.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

Acute myocardial infraction(AMI)has now become a threat to human health worldwide.Therefore,it is urgent to construct the standardized platform of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment for AMI.The Intensive Care Unit(ICU)team of the Second Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)has taken up the mission of exploring the prevention and treatment of AMI with traditional Chinese medicine and promoting and the construction of the diagnosis and treatment system of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for AMI.The team pioneered the trinity mode of'saving heart,treating heart and nourishing heart'for AMI,focusing on the construction of standardized platform of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment for AMI,creating the key technology system of Yiqi Huoxue Huatan method(the therapy mainly for replenishing qi,activating blood and dissolving phlegm)for AMI and putting it into the practice,which highlighted the achievements in the construction of the standardized platform.

AIM: To explore the pathogenesis and surgical outcomes of different types of myopic traction maculopathy(MTM)using optical coherence tomography(OCT).METHODS: A total of 193 patients(210 eyes)with MTM were retrospectively included, of which 74 eyes(35.2%)underwent vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane(ILM)peeling. The patients were categorized into three groups: foveal detachment(FD), foveoschisis(FS)and lamellar macular hole(LMH). Based on the central foveal thickness(CFT)at baseline(M0), eyes with FD were classified into two subgroups: extensive FD and limited FD. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), CFT, posterior staphyloma height(PSH), the presence of epiretinal membrane(ERM)and ILM detachment. Risk factors for BCVA at 6mo after vitrectomy(M6)were analyzed using linear regression.RESULTS: At M0, ERM was highly present in eyes with LMH(rs=0.28, P<0.001). Eyes with FD and FS were characterized by higher incidence of ILM detachment(rs=-0.25, P<0.001). After vitrectomy, CFT and BCVA significantly improved in all eyes(P<0.001). Eyes with extensive FD were characterized by a thicker CFT(rs=0.56, P<0.001), a lower incidence of ILM detachment(rs=-0.25, P=0.034)and a thicker nasal PSH(rs=0.27, P=0.024)than eyes with limited FD. Eyes with extensive FD were associated with a worse BCVA at M0(P=0.013)and M6(P=0.030)than eyes with limited FD. Extensive FD(β=-0.295, P=0.042)and BCVA at M0(β=0.669, P<0.001)were risk factors for a worse BCVA at M6.CONCLUSION: There are several pathogenetic mechanisms in MTM. ILM detachment may exert a dominant role in the development of FD and FS, while ERM may have a role in LMH. Vitrectomy combined with ILM peeling improved functional and anatomical outcomes in MTM patients. Eyes with extensive FD may carry a poor prognosis.

Objective:To investigate the surgical efficacy and prognosis influencing factors of hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment.Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 91 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgery in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from April 2004 to April 2021 were collected. There were 59 males and 32 females, aged (61±10)years. Patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014 underwent traditional surgical diagnosis and treatment, and patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021 underwent multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment. Observation indica-tors: (1) surgical situations; (2) postoperative situations; (3) postoperative pathological examina-tions; (4) postoperative prognosis analysis; (5) influencing factors of postoperative prognosis. Follow-up was conducted using telephone interview and outpatient examination. Patients were followed up once every 6 months after surgery to detect survival. The follow-up was up to April 2023. Measure-ment data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of ordinal data was conducted using the rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw survival curve and calculate survival rate. The Log-Rank test was used for survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the COX proportional hazard model. Results:(1) Surgical situations. Of the 91 patients, there were 65 cases receiving hemi- or expanded hemi-hepatectomy, 13 cases receiving tri-hepatectomy, 9 cases receiving partial hepatectomy, 4 cases receiving extrahepatic bile duct resection. There were 24 cases receiving combined vein resection and reconstruction, 8 cases receiving combined pancreaticoduodenectomy, 6 cases receiving com-bined hepatic artery resection and reconstruction, including 24 cases receiving extended radical surgery (tri-hepatectomy, hepatic artery resection and reconstruction, hepatopancreaticoduodenec-tomy). The operation time, volume of intraoperative blood loss and intraoperative blood transfusion rate of 91 patients was (590±124)minutes, 800(range, 500?1 200)mL and 75.8%(69/91), respectively. Of the 91 patients, cases receiving extended radical surgery, the volume of intraoperative blood loss were 4, 650(range, 300?1 000)mL in the 31 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 20, 875 (range, 500?1 375)mL in the 60 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021, showing significant differences between them ( χ2=4.39, Z=0.31, P<0.05). (2) Post-operative situations. The postoperative duration of hospital stay and cases with postoperative infectious complications were (27±17)days and 50 in the 91 patients. Cases with abdominal infection, cases with infection of incision, cases with bacteremia and cases with pulmonary infection were 43, 7, 5, 8 in the 91 patients. One patient might have multiple infectious complications. Cases with bile leakage, cases with delayed gastric emptying, cases with chylous leakage, cases with liver failure, cases with pancreatic fistula, cases with intraperitoneal hemorrhage, cases with reoperation, cases dead during the postoperative 90 days were 30, 9, 9, 6, 5, 3, 6, 3 in the 91 patients. Cases with abdominal infection was 10 in the 31 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 33 in the 60 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=4.24, P<0.05). Cases dead during the postoperative 90 days was 3 in the 31 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 0 in the 60 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021, showing a significant difference between them ( P<0.05). (3) Post-operative pathological examinations. Of the 91 patients, cases with Bismuth type as type Ⅰ?Ⅱ, type Ⅲ, type Ⅳ, cases with T staging as Tis stage, T1 stage, T2a?2b stage, T3 stage, T4 stage, cases with N staging as N0 stage, N1 stage, N2 stage, cases with M staging as M0 stage, M1 stage, cases with TNM staging as 0 stage, Ⅰ stage, Ⅱ stage, Ⅲ stage, ⅣA stage, ⅣB stage, cases with R 0 radical resection, cases with R 1 or R 2 resection were 15, 46, 30, 1, 9, 25, 30, 26, 49, 36, 6, 85, 6, 1, 7, 13, 58, 6, 6, 63, 28. Cases with R 0 radical resection, cases with R 1 or R 2 resection were 15, 16 in the 31 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 48, 12 in the 60 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=9.59, P<0.05). (4) Postoperative prognosis analysis. Of the 91 patients, 3 cases who died within 90 days after surgery were excluded, and the 5-year overall survival rate and median overall survival time of the rest of 88 cases were 44.7% and 55 months. The 5-year overall survival rate was 33.5% in the 28 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 50.4% in the 60 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021, showing a significant difference between them ( χ2=5.31, P<0.05). Results of further analysis showed that the corresponding 5-year overall survival rate of cases without lymph node metastasis was 43.8% in the 16 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 61.6% in the 31 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021. There was a significant difference in the 5-year overall survival rate between these patients without lymph node metastasis ( χ2=3.98, P<0.05). The corresponding 5-year overall survival rate of cases with lymph node metastasis was 18.5% in the 12 patients who were admitted from April 2004 to March 2014, versus 37.7% in the 29 patients who were admitted from April 2014 to April 2021. There was no significant difference in the 5-year overall survival rate between these patients with lymph node metastasis ( χ2=2.25, P>0.05). (5) Influencing factors of postoperative prognosis. Results of multivariate analysis showed that poorly differentiated tumor and R 1 or R 2 resection were inde-pendent risk factors influencing prognosis after surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma ( hazard ratio=2.62, 2.71, 95% confidence interval as 1.30?5.29, 1.30?5.69, P<0.05). Conclusions:Compared with traditional surgical diagnosis and treatment, treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma based on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment can expand surgical indications, reduce proportion of dead patients within 90 days after surgery, improve proportation of radical resection and long-term survival rate. Poorly differentiated tumor and R 1 or R 2 resection are independent risk factors influencing prognosis after surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effect of WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 2(WISP2)on macrophage polarization in palmitic acid(PA)and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation.Methods:The macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was treated with different concentrations of WISP2 protein, and cell viability was determined by means of luminescence assay using Cell-Titer Glo to determine the concentration of WISP2.The cells were divided into control group, palmitic acid group, palmitic acid combined with different concentrations of WISP2 group(10 μg/L and 100 μg/L)and lipopolysaccharide group, lipopolysaccharide combined with different concentrations of WISP2 group(10 μg/L and 100 μg/L). mRNA expression of M1 and M2 macrophages phenotype of each group were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The protein expression of important inflammatory factors, TNF-α and IL-6, were evaluated by ELISA.Results:Compared with the control group, both 10 μg/L and 100 μg/L WISP2 groups had no effect on the activity of RAW264.7 cells, but significantly up-regulated the expression of various inflammatory factors, including Tnfα(1.877±0.039, 2.202±0.034, F=309.7, P<0.001), Il6(1.418±0.056, 1.506±0.059, F=81.39, P<0.001), Mcp1(1.620±0.014, 1.982±0.125, F=71.45, P<0.001), Ccl3(1.892±0.118, 1.942±0.132, F=32.93, P<0.001), and iNos(1.691±0.201, 1.548±0.090, F=13.60, P<0.05). mRNA in macrophages, and significantly down-regulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, including Tgfβ(1.376±0.025, 2.152±0.107, F=1.846, P<0.05), CD206(2.123±0.031, 3.139±1.663, F=8.037, P<0.05), Il4(2.098±0.464, 2.494±0.141, F=48.68, P<0.01), and Il10(1.303±0.216, 1.574±0.274, F=5.774, P<0.05)mRNA, causing M1 type macrophage polarization.Compared with the control group, 100 μmol/L palmitic acid could mildly but significantly increase the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6 at the transcriptional and protein levels.Compared with palmitic acid stimulation alone, the combination of palmitic acid and WISP2 further promoted the protein expression of macrophage inflammatory factors TNF-α[(589.4±17.0)ng/L, (692.6±83.4)ng/L, F=56.38, P<0.05], IL-6[(15.13±1.14)ng/L, (13.33±1.22)ng/L, F=23.32, P<0.001]and the mRNA expression of chemokines Mcp1(160±9.796, 140±18.91, F=141.1, P<0.0001)and C cl3(17.76±1.92, 14.41±1.27, F=125.2, P<0.0001). Compared with the control group, 100 μg/L lipopolysaccharide strongly stimulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α[(3444±423)ng/L, F=71.20, P<0.0001]and IL-6[(497.0±41.2)ng/L, F=63.50, P<0.0001]in macrophages at the protein level.Compared with lipopolysaccharide stimulation alone, the combination of lipopolysaccharide and WISP2 further significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of chemokines Mcp1(106.8±8.7, 118.7±4.6, F=251.5, P<0.0001)and Ccl3(35.3±12.5, 116.4±4.5, F=160.1, P<0.0001). Conclusions:The adipokine WISP2 can promote M1 macrophage polarization in palmitic acid and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, and it had distinct regulation in macrophage polarization under different inflammatory response conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 is commonly used as a standard strain for flagellar biosynthesis research. In this report, two distinguished phenotypic isolates (CJ1Z, flhA mutant strain, lawn; CJ2S, flhA complemented strain, normal colony) appeared during laboratory passages for NCTC11168. METHODS: Phenotypic assessments, including motility plates, transmission electron microscopy, biofilm formation assay, autoagglutination assay, and genome re-sequencing for these two isolates (CJ1Z, flhA mutant strain; CJ2S, flhA complemented strain) were carried out in this study. RESULTS: Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the flagellum was lost in CJ1Z. Phenotypic assessments and genome sequencing of the two isolates were performed in this study. The capacity for biofilm formation, colony auto-agglutination, and isolate motility was reduced in the mutant CJ1Z. Comparative genomic analysis indicated a unique native nucleotide insertion in flhA (nt, 2154) that caused the I719Y and I720Y mutations and early truncation in flhA. CONCLUSION FlhA has been found to influence the expression of flagella in C. jejuni. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the function of the C-terminal of this protein.
Campylobacter jejuni/genetics* ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Biological Variation, Population