Mitochondria, functioning not only as the central hub of cellular energy metabolism but also as semi-autonomous organelles, orchestrate cellular fate decisions through their endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes core components of the electron transport chain. Emerging research has identified microRNAs localized within mitochondria, termed mitochondria-located microRNAs (mitomiRs). Recent studies have revealed that mitomiRs are transcribed from nuclear DNA (nDNA), processed and matured in the cytoplasm, and subsequently transported into mitochondria. mitomiRs regulate mtDNA through diverse mechanisms, including modulation of mtDNA expression at the translational level and direct binding to mtDNA to influence transcription. Aberrant expression of mitomiRs leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Restoring mitomiR expression to physiological levels using mitomiRs mimics or inhibitors has been shown to improve mitochondrial function and alleviate related diseases. Consequently, the regulatory mechanisms of mitomiRs have become a major focus in mitochondrial research. Given that mitomiRs are located in mitochondria, targeted delivery strategies designed for mtDNA can be adapted for the delivery of mitomiRs mimics or inhibitors. However, numerous intracellular and extracellular barriers remain, highlighting the need for more precise and efficient delivery systems in the future. The regulation of mtDNA expression mediated by mitomiRs not only expands our understanding of miRNA functions in post-transcriptional gene regulation but also provides promising molecular targets for the treatment of mitochondrial-related diseases. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on mitomiRs in regulating mtDNA expression and discusses the underlying mechanisms of mitomiRs-mtDNA interactions. Additionally, it provides new perspectives on precision therapeutic strategies, with a particular emphasis on mitomiRs-based regulation of mitochondrial function in mitochondrial-related diseases.

Objective To verify the safety and efficacy of a new portable extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)system(Xijing Advanced Life Support System JC-Ⅲ)in large animals.Methods A total of 10 healthy small fat-tail sheep underwent veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VA-ECMO)support by carotid arterial-jugular catheterization to evaluate the performance of the JC-Ⅲ ECMO system.Systemic anticoagulation was achieved by continuous infusion of heparin.Active coagulation time(ACT)was recorded every 2 hours during the experiment,and the ACT was maintained between 200-250 s.Centrifugal pump speed is set at 3 000-3 500 r/min.The changes of hemoglobin,blood cell counts,hematocrit,liver and kidney function were monitored before and 24 h after ECMO initiation,respectively.After the experiment,the pump and oxygenator were dissected to probe the thrombosis.Results The success rate of VA-ECMO operation was 100％,and there was no hemolysis,pump thrombosis and oxygenator thrombosis after 24 h of ECMO.Before and after the operation,there were no significant changes in indicators such as hemoglobin content,white blood cell counts,platelet counts,alanine aminotransferase concentration,aspartate aminotransferase concentration,urea,creatinine,high-sensitivity troponin Ⅰ,and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(all P＞0.05).Conclusions This in vivo study confirms that Xijing Advanced Life support System JC-Ⅲ is safe and effective.

AIM:To predict the active compo-nents and targets of Piperlongum L.and the associ-ated signaling pathways involved in pulmonary fi-brosis using network pharmacology and molecular docking technique and evaluate the mechanism of Piperlongum L against pulmonary fibrosis by in vi-tro experiments.METHODS:The active ingredients and targets were retrieved from TCMSP,Swiss Tar-get Prediction and PubChem databases.The dis-ease-related targets were retrieved from Gene-Cards and OMIM databases.The intersection tar-gets of the drugs and disease-related targets were identified using jvenn online tool.String database was used to construct the"drug-component-tar-get"and PPI network and the networks were visual-ized using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on the inter-section targets using the DAVID tool.The top 20 KEGG pathways,core targets and drug components were used to construct a"component-target-path-way"network and the network visualization was performed using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software.The in-teractions between drug compounds and the tar-gets were evaluated by molecular docking,and the docking results were visualized using Discovery stu-dio.HFL-1 cells were cultured and the effect of the drug compounds on cell viability was determined by MTT assay.The inhibition rate was then calculat-ed to determine the optimal drug concentration.HFL-1 cells were cultured in vitro and were as-signed into 4 groups:control group,TGF-β1 group,TGF-β1+LD group(LD group),TGF-β1+HD group(HD group).CCK-8 kit was used to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of the drug compounds against HFL-1 cells at 24,48 and 72 h.Plate clone formation assay was performed to evaluate the ef-fect of drugs on the colony formation ability of HFL-1 cells.RT-qPCR and western blot were conducted to determine the effect of the compounds on the mRNA and protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),collagen type Ⅰ(COI-Ⅰ),and collagen type Ⅲ(COI-Ⅲ)in each group.RESULTS:A total of 197 intersection targets of Piperlongum L and anti-pulmonary fibrosis were identified.The core PPI network comprised 29 nodes(targets)and 199 edges(interactions).GO functional analysis showed that the significantly enriched biological processes associated with the compounds in Piper-longum L included negative regulation of apopto-sis,signal transduction,and protein phosphoryla-tion.Significantly enriched cellular components in-cluded cytoplasm,nuclear cytoplasm,plasma mem-brane.Enriched molecular functions associated with the compounds included the same protein binding,serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity,and protein binding.A total of 155 significantly en-riched KEGG signaling pathways were identified,with PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was highly associ-ated with PF and was the fourth most enriched pathway.PIK3CA,MAPK3,MAPK1,MTOR,SRC,CCND1,EGFR,PRKCA,BCL2,and GSK3B had the highest connectivity in the components-target-pathway network.Piperlongine,N-(2,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide,tetrahydrotanshi-none,pisigenin and piperine were the key com-pounds in Piperlongum L.The molecular docking results showed that all the compounds except N-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide had good binding activities with interactions observed with 10 proteins.The proliferation ability of the cells in the LD group was significantly lower than that of the TGF-β1 group at 48 h and 72 h(P＜0.05).The proliferation ability of cells HD group was sig-nificantly lower than the LD group at 24,48 and 72 h.The number of clones in each drug group was significantly reduced after treatment with the drugs(P＜0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of α-SMA,COI-Ⅰ,COI-Ⅲ in LD and HD groups were significantly lower than the expression levels in the TGF-β1 group.The protein expression levels of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/AKT were significantly lower in the two dose groups compared with the TGF-β1 group(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION:The results showed that the effect of Piperlongum L against PF is probably through modulation of the PI3K-Akt sig-naling pathway.

As a unique gene in the genome,FLASH(FADD-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme asso-ciated huge protein)/CASP8AP2 is involved in multiple cellular processes,including apoptosis,histone gene pre-mRNA processing,transcriptional regulation,and cell cycle progression.Clinical studies have shown that FLASH is a valuable prognostic marker for acute lymphoblastic leukemia,and a crucial factor for the survival of various cancer cells.Therefore,in-depth research into the function of FLASH may offer new perspectives for the treatment of related diseases.Our previous research identified FLASH as a bind-ing partner of p53,demonstrating that FLASH enhances the transcriptional activity of p53.Here we fur-ther investigate the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between FLASH and p53,revealing that the p53-K386R mutation(SUMOylation residue)attenuated its interaction with FLASH(aa 51-200)and FLASH-SIM(SUMO-interacting motif)(aa 1 534-1 806)significantly.However,SUMO can bind to FLASH-SIM directly,instead of FLASH(aa 51-200).Subsequent research shows that overexpression of FLASH in cells enhances global SUMO1 conjugation and p53-SUMO1 conjugation,therefore providing a plausible explanation for the underlying mechanism of FLASH enhancing the transcriptional activity of p53.Since promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear body(PML NB)serves as subcellular reactors for SUMO conjugation within the cell,and the PML Ⅳ isoform can specifically enhance the SUMO modifica-tion of p53,we have investigated the interaction between FLASH and PML Ⅳ,and elucidated the struc-tural basis of their interaction:both FLASH-N3A(501-802)and FLASH-C2(1 807-1 981)bind to PML Ⅳ(aa 228-633).Further investigations reveal that they can synergistically enhance global SUMO1 modification as well as SUMO1 modification of p53.The interaction between FLASH and tumor suppres-sors p53 or PML Ⅳ enriches our understanding of its function and reveals the potential mechanism of FLASH in tumor development,therefore offering novel insights into cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Molecular Biology is a key basic professional course for all the students specializing in Biolo-gy,Biotechnology,and Bioengineering.With the promotion of double world-class project and first-class undergraduate construction,the development of English-taught course faces challenges.We started to teach the Molecular Biology course in English at the East China University of Science and Technology since 2019,the construction of Molecular Biology course has been reformed and practiced,including the combination of imagery,vividness and classroom teaching,the combination of advanced,cutting-edge and classical theories,and the comprehensive coverage of the teaching process,which has effectively pro-moted the construction and practice of Molecular Biology course.The Molecular Biology course taught in English greatly increased the students'professional and scientific research ability,international vision and English academic communication ability,comprehensive ability and satisfaction,and teachers'teaching and research ability.This course provides an effective reference for fostering innovative profes-sional first-class undergraduates and the construction of Molecular Biology course.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis(PM),and drug sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae(SP)isolates in Chinese children.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical information,laboratory data,and microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children under 15 years old with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals across the country.Results Among the 160 children with PM,there were 103 males and 57 females.The age ranged from 15 days to 15 years,with 109 cases(68.1% )aged 3 months to under 3 years.SP strains were isolated from 95 cases(59.4% )in cerebrospinal fluid cultures and from 57 cases(35.6% )in blood cultures.The positive rates of SP detection by cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing and cerebrospinal fluid SP antigen testing were 40% (35/87)and 27% (21/78),respectively.Fifty-five cases(34.4% )had one or more risk factors for purulent meningitis,113 cases(70.6% )had one or more extra-cranial infectious foci,and 18 cases(11.3% )had underlying diseases.The most common clinical symptoms were fever(147 cases,91.9% ),followed by lethargy(98 cases,61.3% )and vomiting(61 cases,38.1% ).Sixty-nine cases(43.1% )experienced intracranial complications during hospitalization,with subdural effusion and/or empyema being the most common complication[43 cases(26.9% )],followed by hydrocephalus in 24 cases(15.0% ),brain abscess in 23 cases(14.4% ),and cerebral hemorrhage in 8 cases(5.0% ).Subdural effusion and/or empyema and hydrocephalus mainly occurred in children under 1 year old,with rates of 91% (39/43)and 83% (20/24),respectively.SP strains exhibited complete sensitivity to vancomycin(100% ,75/75),linezolid(100% ,56/56),and meropenem(100% ,6/6).High sensitivity rates were also observed for levofloxacin(81% ,22/27),moxifloxacin(82% ,14/17),rifampicin(96% ,25/26),and chloramphenicol(91% ,21/23).However,low sensitivity rates were found for penicillin(16% ,11/68)and clindamycin(6% ,1/17),and SP strains were completely resistant to erythromycin(100% ,31/31).The rates of discharge with cure and improvement were 22.5% (36/160)and 66.2% (106/160),respectively,while 18 cases(11.3% )had adverse outcomes.Conclusions Pediatric PM is more common in children aged 3 months to under 3 years.Intracranial complications are more frequently observed in children under 1 year old.Fever is the most common clinical manifestation of PM,and subdural effusion/emphysema and hydrocephalus are the most frequent complications.Non-culture detection methods for cerebrospinal fluid can improve pathogen detection rates.Adverse outcomes can be noted in more than 10% of PM cases.SP strains are high sensitivity to vancomycin,linezolid,meropenem,levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,rifampicin,and chloramphenicol.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2024,26(2):131-138]

In infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia(sBPD),severe pulmonary lobar emphysema may occur as a complication,contributing to significant impairment in ventilation.Clinical management of these infants is extremely challenging and some may require lobectomy to improve ventilation.However,prior to the lobectomy,it is very difficult to assess whether the remaining lung parenchyma would be able to sustain adequate ventilation postoperatively.In addition,preoperative planning and perioperative management are also quite challenging in these patients.This paper reports the utility of selective bronchial occlusion in assessing the safety and efficacy of lobectomy in a case of sBPD complicated by severe right upper lobar emphysema.Since infants with sBPD already have poor lung development and significant lung injury,lobectomy should be viewed as a non-traditional therapy and be carried out with extreme caution.Selective bronchial occlusion test can be an effective tool in assessing the risks and benefits of lobectomy in cases with sBPD and lobar emphysema.However,given the technical difficulty,successful application of this technique requires close collaboration of an experienced interdisciplinary team.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Objective:To investigate alterations in the glymphatic system of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) patients based on quantitative MRI, and its association with genetic information and motor dysfunction.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional study. This prospective study recruited 39 confirmed SCA3 patients (SCA3 group) and 40 matched healthy controls (HC group) who were seen at the Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University from May 2017 to June 2023. All subjects underwent cranial MRI scanning. Clinical assessments were conducted on all participants using the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) and the international cooperative ataxia rating scale (ICARS). The automatic segmentation and volume measurement of the choroid plexus based on Freesurfer 6.0; the perivascular interstitial space (PVS) was automatically segmented based on the deep-learning model VB-Net, and the volume of the PVS in each brain region was quantified after manual correction. Independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to analyze the changes in the class lymphatic system in the SCA3 group and the HC group. Pearson partial correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between CAG repeats, the glymphatic system, and motor dysfunction. Results:The standardized choroid plexus volume in the SCA3 group was (1.24±0.36)×10 3 mm 3, and that in the HC group was (0.96±0.34)×10 3 mm 3, with a statistically significant difference ( t=4.01, P<0.001). PVS volumes in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and brainstem regions in the SCA3 group were significantly higher than those of HC group ( P<0.05). Partial correlation analysis revealed that CAG repeats in SCA3 group were positively correlated with SARA, ICARS, and basal ganglia PVS volumes ( r=0.65, 0.58, 0.29; P=0.001, 0.001, 0.042). Cerebellar and temporal lobe PVS volumes were positively correlated with SARA ( r=0.59, 0.47; P=0.001, 0.003), and positively correlated with ICARS scores ( r=0.61, 0.40; P=0.001, 0.011). Choroid plexus volume was positively correlated with cerebellar and basal ganglia PVS volumes ( r=0.41, 0.31; P=0.009, 0.043). Conclusions:The glymphatic system of SCA3 patients have significant alteration and have association with CAG repeats and motor dysfunction.

The advent of gene editing represents one of the most transformative breakthroughs in life science, making genome manipulation more accessible than ever before. While traditional CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing, which involves double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), excels at gene disruption, it is less effective for accurate gene modification. The limitation arises because DSBs are primarily repaired via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which tends to introduce indels at the break site. While homology-directed repair (HDR) can achieve precise editing when a donor DNA template is provided, the reliance on DSBs often results in unintended genome damage. HDR is restricted to specific cell cycle phases, limiting its application. Currently, gene editing has evolved to unprecedented levels of precision without relying on DSB and HDR. The development of innovative systems, such as base editing, prime editing, and CRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs), now allow for precise editing ranging from single nucleotides to large DNA fragments. Base editors (BEs) enable the direct conversion of one nucleotide to another, and prime editors (PEs) further expand gene editing capabilities by allowing for the insertion, deletion, or alteration of small DNA fragments. The CAST system, a recent innovation, allows for the precise insertion of large DNA fragments at specific genomic locations. In recent years, the optimization of these precise gene editing tools has led to significant improvements in editing efficiency, specificity, and versatility, with advancements such as the creation of base editors for nucleotide transversions, enhanced prime editing systems for more efficient and precise modifications, and refined CAST systems for targeted large DNA insertions, expanding the range of applications for these tools. Concurrently, these advances are complemented by significant improvements in in vivo delivery methods, which have paved the way for therapeutic application of precise gene editing tools. Effective delivery systems are critical for the success of gene therapies, and recent developments in both viral and non-viral vectors have improved the efficiency and safety of gene editing. For instance, adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are widely used due to their high transfection efficiency and low immunogenicity, though challenges such as limited cargo capacity and potential for immune responses remain. Non-viral delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), offer an alternative with lower immunogenicity and higher payload capacity, although their transfection efficiency can be lower. The therapeutic potential of these precise gene editing technologies is vast, particularly in treating genetic disorders. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of base editing in correcting genetic mutations responsible for diseases such as cardiomyopathy, liver disease, and hereditary hearing loss. These technologies promise to treat symptoms and potentially cure the underlying genetic causes of these conditions. Meanwhile, challenges remain, such as optimizing the safety and specificity of gene editing tools, improving delivery systems, and overcoming off-target effects, all of which are critical for their successful application in clinical settings. In summary, the continuous evolution of precise gene editing technologies, combined with advancements in delivery systems, is driving the field toward new therapeutic applications that can potentially transform the treatment of genetic disorders by targeting their root causes.