Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

Objective:To explore the symptom improvement effect of a self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula combined with Qingpeng ointment on damp heat type eczema.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 70 patients with damp heat type eczema ffrom June 2023 to August 2024.Random number table method was used to divide them into two groups.Among them,35 cases were in the single group and treated with Qingpeng plaster alone,while the remaining 35 cases were in the combination group and treated with a self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula orally combined with Qingpeng plaster.After one month of treatment,the clinical efficacy,TCM syndrome scores before and Post-treatment,disappearance time of main symptoms,and the long-term recurrence rate was also compared.Results:The total effective rate of the combined group was 91.43％,which was higher than that of the single group(71.43％,P＜0.05);Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the scores of TCM syndromes between the two groups(P＞0.05).Post-treatment,the scores of TCM syndromes related to the main symptoms(skin erythema,papules,blisters,obvious exudation,severe itching,and burning sensation in the skin lesions)and secondary symptoms(dry mouth,bitter mouth,yellow and red urine,sticky stool or constipation)in both groups decreased,and the combined group was lower than the single group(P＜0.05);The disappearance time of skin burning sensation,exudation,erythema,itching,and skin lesion related symptoms in the combined group was shorter than that in the single group(P＜0.05);Two groups of patients were followed up for six months Post-treatment,and there were no lost cases during the follow-up period.There was no difference between the combined group and the single group(x2=3.214,P=0.073).Conclusion:The combination of self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula and Qingpeng ointment can improve the clinical efficacy of damp heat type eczema,reduce its TCM syndrome score,shorten the duration of main symptoms,and lower the long-term recurrence rate of patients.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of T lymphocyte subsets in eczema patients by the self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula,and the reduction of the body's inflammatory response.

Objective To design a combat rescue specialized physical training simulator to solve the problems of the existing combat rescue physical traing in multifunctionality and simulation vividness.Methods The simulator was divided into three types for stretcher handling,land combat rescue and marine rescue based on the application scenerio and functional positioning,and into three grades of basic level,intensive level and ultra intensive level based on the loaded mass and additional weight object.The main components of the simulator included a manikin,a bionic joint and addtional weight objects.The manikin was made up of outer skin,inner liner and skeleton;the bionic joint was made of stainless steel with surface electrophoresis treatment,and was composed of high-strength medal bearing shafts with multiple disc springs and damping mechanisms;the additional weight objects involued in high-intensity cast iron or lead blocks,which were pre-embedded,mounted or srtapped into the simulator.The simulator was verified with body shape and mass detection,drop test,waterproof test and drag test.Results It's proved the simulator gained advantages in vividness for body shape and mass,bionic joint structure and adaptability to training environments and could be used for graded physical training in typical combat rescue scenerios.Conclusion The simulator developed solves the problems of the combat rescue specialized physical training equipment,and facilitates the enhancement of physical training of combat rescue personnel.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(1):33-37]

Aim To investigate the effect of icariin(ICA)on chronic ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice.Methods Male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice were ran-domly divided into the control group,model group,low-dose ICA group,and high-dose ICA group.Except for the control group,the rest of the mice were established as chronic UC models.Expressions of tight junction proteins,inflammatory factors,fibrosis markers,macro-phage markers,and MAPK signaling pathways in the colonic epithelium of each group were determined by Western blot,qPCR,immunohistochemistry;the degree of intestinal damage and fibrosis was detected by HE and Masson staining;the co-localization of different macrophage markers with related factors was examined by immunofluorescence.Results Treatment of ICA significantly improved the general condition of chronic UC mice,decreased the infiltration of M1-type macro-phages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors,inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway,reduced the co-localization expression of M1-type macrophages with the MAPK signaling pathway,and downregulated the infiltration of M2-type macrophages and the secretion of pro-fibrotic factors in the colon.Conclusion ICA mitigates the inflammatory damage and fibrosis of colon in chronic UC mice.

Objective:To explore the symptom improvement effect of a self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula combined with Qingpeng ointment on damp heat type eczema.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 70 patients with damp heat type eczema ffrom June 2023 to August 2024.Random number table method was used to divide them into two groups.Among them,35 cases were in the single group and treated with Qingpeng plaster alone,while the remaining 35 cases were in the combination group and treated with a self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula orally combined with Qingpeng plaster.After one month of treatment,the clinical efficacy,TCM syndrome scores before and Post-treatment,disappearance time of main symptoms,and the long-term recurrence rate was also compared.Results:The total effective rate of the combined group was 91.43％,which was higher than that of the single group(71.43％,P＜0.05);Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the scores of TCM syndromes between the two groups(P＞0.05).Post-treatment,the scores of TCM syndromes related to the main symptoms(skin erythema,papules,blisters,obvious exudation,severe itching,and burning sensation in the skin lesions)and secondary symptoms(dry mouth,bitter mouth,yellow and red urine,sticky stool or constipation)in both groups decreased,and the combined group was lower than the single group(P＜0.05);The disappearance time of skin burning sensation,exudation,erythema,itching,and skin lesion related symptoms in the combined group was shorter than that in the single group(P＜0.05);Two groups of patients were followed up for six months Post-treatment,and there were no lost cases during the follow-up period.There was no difference between the combined group and the single group(x2=3.214,P=0.073).Conclusion:The combination of self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula and Qingpeng ointment can improve the clinical efficacy of damp heat type eczema,reduce its TCM syndrome score,shorten the duration of main symptoms,and lower the long-term recurrence rate of patients.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of T lymphocyte subsets in eczema patients by the self-made eczema and dermatitis conditioning formula,and the reduction of the body's inflammatory response.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Objective To design an 8-channel gene analyzer to take the place of the widely used gene analyzer with problems in inconvenient consumable replacement and short storage time of electrophoresis polymer.Methods The 8-channel gene analyzer had its mechanical components composed of an automatic sample loading table,a polymer injection module,a high-voltage temperature control module,an optical module and an integrated U box,its electrical control system made up of a host computer(an embedded computer)and three slave computers(a sampling control board,a polymer injection control board and a high-voltage temperature control board).The automatic sample loading table involved in four motors and transmission systems for x,y,z directions and optical alignment,the transmission systems adopted mainly belt drive mode and the optical alignment motor had its threads with an anti-backlash structure;the polymer injuection module was manipulated by the polymer injection control board,and the polymer block was made of highly transparent acrylic material;the high-voltage temperature control module realized the regulation of electrophoresis voltage and the detection of electrophoresis current by the low-ripple precision high-voltage power supply,and controlled the temperature of the heating furnace by the proportional-integral-differential(PID)algorithm;the optical module consisted of an excitation module and a light-receiving module,which had the base of the reflector made of low expansion coefficient alloy material;the integrated U box had the electrophoresis polymer,capillary array,polymer block and anode buffer in a plastic housing;the host computer had the data acquisition software programmed with C# and C++,and the slave computers were controlled by STM32 SCM.Results The 8-channel gene analyzer had no significant differences with the widely used ABI3500 gene analyzer in resolution,precision accuracy and clinical results.Conclusion The 8-channel gene analyzer gains advantages in consumable replacement and storage time of electrophoresis polymer,and can meet the requirements for gene sequencing.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(2):24-30]

Incomplete debridement of chronic osteomyelitis is the main factor leading to recurrence. For the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, the complete elimination of the source of infection is the key to preventing recurrence. This process includes not only the complete removal of infected lesions, dead bone, accreted scar tissue and granulation tissue, but also the elimination of dead space and improved local blood circulation. In these steps, debridement is a core procedure, and judging the scope of debridement is the premise of whether it could be completely debridement. This article systematically reviewed the application of different imaging techniques in evaluating the scope of chronic osteomyelitis infection, and discusses its future development trend. Although traditional plain X-ray film could preliminarily indicate osteomyelitis, it is difficult to determine the infection scope. CT scan has the function of accurate anatomic localization, which is important for preoperative assessment of the scope of bone infection, but the recognition of soft tissue information is limited. MRI, with its high sensitivity, clearly distinguishes between infected bone and soft tissue, which plays an important role in the evaluation of soft tissue infection, but may overestimate the extent of bone infection. Nuclide techniques such as 18F-FDG PET/CT and SPECT/CT show great potential for accurately assessing the extent of infection before surgery. In the future, by optimizing the combination of different imaging technologies, combining clinical symptoms, intraoperative conditions and pathological results, and developing an image analysis platform based on artificial intelligence, it will be able to more accurately assess the scope of infection, provide more effective and personalized treatment plans for patients with chronic osteomyelitis, enhance treatment effects, and significantly improve quality of life of patients.
Humans ; Osteomyelitis/diagnosis* ; Chronic Disease ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Aim To investigate the effect of icariin(ICA)on chronic ulcerative colitis(UC)in mice.Methods Male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice were ran-domly divided into the control group,model group,low-dose ICA group,and high-dose ICA group.Except for the control group,the rest of the mice were established as chronic UC models.Expressions of tight junction proteins,inflammatory factors,fibrosis markers,macro-phage markers,and MAPK signaling pathways in the colonic epithelium of each group were determined by Western blot,qPCR,immunohistochemistry;the degree of intestinal damage and fibrosis was detected by HE and Masson staining;the co-localization of different macrophage markers with related factors was examined by immunofluorescence.Results Treatment of ICA significantly improved the general condition of chronic UC mice,decreased the infiltration of M1-type macro-phages and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors,inhibited the MAPK signaling pathway,reduced the co-localization expression of M1-type macrophages with the MAPK signaling pathway,and downregulated the infiltration of M2-type macrophages and the secretion of pro-fibrotic factors in the colon.Conclusion ICA mitigates the inflammatory damage and fibrosis of colon in chronic UC mice.

Objective:To investigate the effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal function in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection.Methods:In this study,a prospective single-center randomized controlled trial was used to select 88 patients with severe abdominal infections in the surgical intensive care ward from January 2021 to December 2023.Among them,65 patients were eligible and were randomly divided into 33cases in the intervention group(who received early enteral nutrition),and 32cases in the control group(who did not receive early enteral nutrition).The clinical baseline characteristics of the two groups,conditions such as abdominal distension and diarrhea during enteral nutrition,intra-abdominal pressure,the time to reach the standard of complete enteral nutrition,and the indexes of pre-albumin,CRP,and leukocyte count on the third and the seventh day postoperative day were observed.The t-test was used to compare between groups for normally distributed measures.The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between groups for skewed measures.The χ2 test or continuity-corrected χ2 test was used to compare the count data between groups.Repeated measures data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA.Results:The clinical baseline characteristics of the two groups were completely matched;There were significant differences in the changes of intra-abdominal pressure over time between the two groups(Fgroup=9.665,P=0.004),There were significant differences in the changes of intra-abdominal pressure over time between the two intervention group(Ftime=64.124,P<0.001)and the control group.and the trend of intra-abdominal pressure reduction in the intervention group was more significant than that in the control group(Finteractive=3.938,P=0.023);The time required for the recovery of bowel sounds was significantly shorter in the experimental group than in the control group[(19.5±3.5)h vs(35.3±4.5)h,P<0.001,t=15.829];there was no significant difference in the frequency of abdominal distention,vomiting and aspiration between the two groups(P>0.05),and the difference in the frequency of diarrhea was statistically significant(P=0.003);The time to reach the standard of enteral nutrition in the intervention group was shorter than that in the control group[(6.3±1.2)d vs(7.4±1.5)d,P=0.002];The total hospital stay of the intervention group was significantly shorter than that of the control group[(11±3.2)d vs(14±4.1)d,P=0.007].The prealbumin(0.21±0.2,0.28±0.2)g/L,CRP(175.5±23.6,45.4±14.5)mg/L,and white blood cell count(11.7±2.9,9.1±3.5)109/L of the intervention group on the 3rd and 7th days after surgery were significantly improved compared with those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Early enteral nutrition can effectively promote the recovery of intestinal function in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection.