ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 21 respiratory pathogens in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Jing’an District, Shanghai in 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. MethodsData of1 907 ILI cases at four sentinel hospitals in Jing’an District were collected from January to December 2024. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and tested for 21 respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used for data analyses. ResultsAmong the 1 907 ILI cases, 1 340 were tested positive (70.27%), including 1 160 (60.83%) virus-positive cases, 424 (22.23%) bacteria-positive cases , and 86 (4.51%) positive cases of other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia). The top five viruses by detection rate were: influenza virus (14.84%), SARS-CoV-2 (14.47%), rhinovirus (12.69%), adenovirus (7.08%), and parainfluenza virus (6.71%). The top two bacteria by detection rate were Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.47%) and Haemophilus influenzae (10.33%). Among other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia), Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed the highest detection rate (4.30%). In terms of age distribution, statistically significant differences were observed in the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2, Legionella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (P<0.05), with the highest rates found in individuals aged 65 years and above. Statistically significant differences were also found in the detection rates of rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, common coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, bocavirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among different age groups (P<0.05), all showing the highest detection rates in the 0‒<15 years age group. In terms of seasonal distribution, SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed epidemic peaks in summer; rhinovirus, common coronavirus, bocavirus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher detection rates in autumn. Influenza virus exhibited a peak incidence during winter, while human metapenu-movirus peaked in winter and spring. Significant differences in co-infection detection rates were observed among age groups, with the rate in children aged 0‒<15 years (34.81%) being the highest. The co-infection detection rate was higher in males than in females (P=0.019). Both the single-pathogen detection rate and the co-infection detection rate (P<0.001) varied significantly across seasons: the single-pathogen detection rate was highest in winter (62.06%), while the co-infection detection rate peaked in summer (31.20%) and was lowest in winter (14.52%). ConclusionBased on detection rates, the main pathogens in the ILI population of Jing’an District, Shanghai, 2024 were influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, common coronavirus, enterovirus, Human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pathogen detection rates varied by age and season. Coinfection rates were much higher in children than in adults, higher in males than in females, and peaked in summer while being lowest in winter.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic performance of fecal calprotectin (FC) in predicting endoscopic activity of ulcerative colitis (UC), and to compare it with high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) .Methods:A cross-sectional stydy was conducted. UC patients diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between May 2023 and July 2025 were retrospective enrolled. Patients were divided into the endoscopically active group and endoscopic remission group according to endoscopic activity. FC levels were measured using latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (LETIA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression models were used to assess diagnostic efficacy. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to disease extent.Results:A total of 166 UC patients were enrolled, including 92 males and 74 females with the age of 40.00 (32.00, 52.00) years old and disease course 5.00 (2.00, 10.75) years. Forty-six patients were assigned to the active group, while the remaining 120 were assigned to the remission group. FC levels were significantly higher in the active group than in the remission group (620.72 μg/g vs. 29.00 μg/g, P < 0.001), with an AUC of 0.894 at a cutoff value of 122.54 μg/g. hsCRP and ESR had lower AUC (0.712 and 0.736, respectively). The combination of FC, hsCRP, and ESR slightly improved specificity (AUC 0.898). FC was strongly correlated with the endoscopic activity ( r =0.669, P < 0.001) but not with disease extent. Conclusions:FC measured by latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay had comparable diagnostic accuracy to ELISA-based methods commonly used abroad, and provided a reference cutoff value of 122.54 μg/g. FC outperforms hsCRP and ESR in assessing intestinal inflammation in UC and it is less affected by disease extent, making it a reliable non-invasive biomarker for UC monitoring.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive efficacy of fecal calprotectin (FC) for endoscopic activity in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) .Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted and patients diagnosed as CD at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from June 2023 to September 2025 were enrolled consecutively. Data was collected including general information, laboratory tests [hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), FC, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and so on], and endoscopic results. FC levels were measured by latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (LETIA). Endoscopic activity was defined as the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) > 2. Patients were divided into the endoscopically active group and endoscopic remission group according to endoscopic activity, and the differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between FC and endoscopic activity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of FC, hsCRP and ESR for endoscopic activity, and the differences were compared.Results:A total of 90 CD patients were enrolled, including 65 males and 25 females with the age of 30 (22, 41) years old and disease course 4.0 (0.5, 8.0) years. Seventy-one patients (78.9%) had ileocolonic disease involvement (L3), and 55 patients (61.1%) were using biologics. Sixty-nine patients in endoscopic active phase were assigned to the endoscopically active group, while the remaining 21 were assigned to the endoscopic remission group. There were no statistically significant differences in general characteristics such as age and gender between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with endoscopic remission group, HGB was significantly lower in the endoscopically active group, while PLT, hsCRP, ESR, and FC were moderataly higher (all P < 0.05). Among the 90 CD patients, FC levels were moderatly correlated with endoscopic activity (ρ = 0.494). ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve for FC in predicting endoscopic activity was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.737-0.935), with a sensitivity of 0.725, specificity of 0.952, and accuracy of 0.778 at the optimal FC cutoff value of 153.8 μg/g. FC outperformed hsCRP and ESR. Conclusion:FC measured by LETIA demonstrates certain efficacy in predicting endoscopic activity in CD and will assist in efficient clinical monitoring of CD patients.

Objective:To explore the impact of the Yiqi Huoxue formula combined with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) antiviral therapy on the serum N-glycan abundance in patients with hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis so as to clarify the application value of the oligosaccharide chain test (GT) for dynamic monitoring of the liver fibrosis progression.Methods:Sixty-two cases diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B at the Department of Hepatology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, between January 2020 and December 2022 were enrolled and divided into a Yiqi Huoxue Formula (YQHX) combined with NAs group and an NAs monotherapy group ( n=31), with 31 cases in each group for a total of 96 weeks of follow-up. Patient's basic clinical characteristics and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were collected. GT was used simultaneously to detect the serum N-glycan profile and abundance changes. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. Enumeration data were expressed as number of cases and percentages (%). The χ2 test was used to compare constituent ratios between two or more groups. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman method, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results:The proportion of patients was significantly higher in the YQHX combined with NAs group than the NAs monotherapy group [61.29% (19/31) vs. 9.68% (3/31), P<0.05] with no progression in liver fibrosis staging following 96 weeks of follow-up. The abundance of the N-glycan marker peak 8 [triantennary N-glycan (NA3)] had resulted in significant change for liver fibrosis improvements ( P<0.05), which predicts liver fibrosis progression and reversal in populations sensitive to traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion:The combined application of Yiqi Huoxue formula and NAs can significantly promote the improvement rate of hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis. Serum N-glycan peak 8 may serve as a potential biomarker for monitoring the reversal of hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis.

Objective:To construct classification models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on the injury data collected at the scene of the accidents and validate its efficacy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the pre-hospital treatment data of 368 TBI patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University from January 2019 to December 2023, including 243 males and 125 females, aged 18-82 years [(48.1±20.8)years]. The patients′ Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores were 3-15 points [11.0(3.0, 15.0)points] at emergency medical service arrival. The patients were randomly assigned to the training set ( n=257) and test set ( n=111) at a ratio of 7∶3. According to the admission diagnosis, the patients fell into the mild TBI group ( n=62), medium TBI group ( n=137), severe TBI group ( n=120), and extremely severe TBI group ( n=49). In the training set, 44 patients fell into mild TBI group, 98 into medium TBI group, 82 into severe TBI group and 33 into extremely severe TBI group, while in the test set, 18 patients fell into mild TBI group, 39 into medium TBI group, 38 into severe TBI group and 16 into extremely severe TBI group. The following 12 kinds of injury data, including MARCH [massive hemorrhage (M), airway obstruction (A), respiratory failure (R), circulatory failure (C) and hypothermia (H)], GCS, pre-hospital index (PHI), shock index (SI), reverse SI multiplied by GCS (rSIG), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured by ultrasound, scalp and skull injuries were collected at the scene of the accidents. Three machine algorithm including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) were used to construct scene data-based TBI classification models. The accuracy rate, precision rate, recall rate, F1 value and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the 3 models were used to verify the efficiency of the models for TBI classification. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to interpret the results of the optimal model. The 12 kinds of injury data in the models were sorted according to their contribution to the TBI classification and the injury data with greater contribution were selected. Results:In the test set, the accuracy rate of the RF, SVM and LR models was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively; the precision rate was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.89, respectively; the recall rate was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively; the F1 value was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. In the mild, medium, severe and extremely severe TBI groups in the test set, the AUC of the RF model was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92, 0.98), 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 0.99), 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), and 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98), respectively; the AUC of the SVM model was 0.90 (95% CI 0.88, 0.94), 0.95 (95% CI 0.92, 0.97), 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98), and 0.95 (95% CI 0.92, 0.99), respectively; the AUC of the LR model was 0.90 (95% CI 0.83, 0.96), 0.90 (95% CI 0.84, 0.95), 0.96 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), and 0.95 (95% CI 0.94, 0.97), respectively. The RF model demonstrated optimal discriminative performance for TBI classification. As the SHAP′s interpretation of the RF model indicated, among the 12 kinds of injury data, those with greater contributions to the TBI classification were GCS, rSIG, SI, PHI, respiratory failure, ONSD, and circulatory failure in sequence. Conclusions:Of the scene data-based TBI classification models, the RF model achieves good predictive performance for TBI classification when compared with the SVM model and LR model. Besides, GCS, rSIG, SI, PHI, respiratory failure, ONSD and circulatory failure contribute significantly to the classification of TBI in the RF model, which may assist emergency medical personnel in field triage and management of TBI at accident scenes.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic performance of fecal calprotectin (FC) in predicting endoscopic activity of ulcerative colitis (UC), and to compare it with high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) .Methods:A cross-sectional stydy was conducted. UC patients diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between May 2023 and July 2025 were retrospective enrolled. Patients were divided into the endoscopically active group and endoscopic remission group according to endoscopic activity. FC levels were measured using latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (LETIA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression models were used to assess diagnostic efficacy. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to disease extent.Results:A total of 166 UC patients were enrolled, including 92 males and 74 females with the age of 40.00 (32.00, 52.00) years old and disease course 5.00 (2.00, 10.75) years. Forty-six patients were assigned to the active group, while the remaining 120 were assigned to the remission group. FC levels were significantly higher in the active group than in the remission group (620.72 μg/g vs. 29.00 μg/g, P < 0.001), with an AUC of 0.894 at a cutoff value of 122.54 μg/g. hsCRP and ESR had lower AUC (0.712 and 0.736, respectively). The combination of FC, hsCRP, and ESR slightly improved specificity (AUC 0.898). FC was strongly correlated with the endoscopic activity ( r =0.669, P < 0.001) but not with disease extent. Conclusions:FC measured by latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay had comparable diagnostic accuracy to ELISA-based methods commonly used abroad, and provided a reference cutoff value of 122.54 μg/g. FC outperforms hsCRP and ESR in assessing intestinal inflammation in UC and it is less affected by disease extent, making it a reliable non-invasive biomarker for UC monitoring.

Objective:To evaluate the predictive efficacy of fecal calprotectin (FC) for endoscopic activity in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) .Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted and patients diagnosed as CD at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from June 2023 to September 2025 were enrolled consecutively. Data was collected including general information, laboratory tests [hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), FC, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and so on], and endoscopic results. FC levels were measured by latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (LETIA). Endoscopic activity was defined as the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) > 2. Patients were divided into the endoscopically active group and endoscopic remission group according to endoscopic activity, and the differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between FC and endoscopic activity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of FC, hsCRP and ESR for endoscopic activity, and the differences were compared.Results:A total of 90 CD patients were enrolled, including 65 males and 25 females with the age of 30 (22, 41) years old and disease course 4.0 (0.5, 8.0) years. Seventy-one patients (78.9%) had ileocolonic disease involvement (L3), and 55 patients (61.1%) were using biologics. Sixty-nine patients in endoscopic active phase were assigned to the endoscopically active group, while the remaining 21 were assigned to the endoscopic remission group. There were no statistically significant differences in general characteristics such as age and gender between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Compared with endoscopic remission group, HGB was significantly lower in the endoscopically active group, while PLT, hsCRP, ESR, and FC were moderataly higher (all P < 0.05). Among the 90 CD patients, FC levels were moderatly correlated with endoscopic activity (ρ = 0.494). ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve for FC in predicting endoscopic activity was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.737-0.935), with a sensitivity of 0.725, specificity of 0.952, and accuracy of 0.778 at the optimal FC cutoff value of 153.8 μg/g. FC outperformed hsCRP and ESR. Conclusion:FC measured by LETIA demonstrates certain efficacy in predicting endoscopic activity in CD and will assist in efficient clinical monitoring of CD patients.

Objective:To construct classification models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) based on the injury data collected at the scene of the accidents and validate its efficacy.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the pre-hospital treatment data of 368 TBI patients admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University from January 2019 to December 2023, including 243 males and 125 females, aged 18-82 years [(48.1±20.8)years]. The patients′ Glasgow coma scale (GCS) scores were 3-15 points [11.0(3.0, 15.0)points] at emergency medical service arrival. The patients were randomly assigned to the training set ( n=257) and test set ( n=111) at a ratio of 7∶3. According to the admission diagnosis, the patients fell into the mild TBI group ( n=62), medium TBI group ( n=137), severe TBI group ( n=120), and extremely severe TBI group ( n=49). In the training set, 44 patients fell into mild TBI group, 98 into medium TBI group, 82 into severe TBI group and 33 into extremely severe TBI group, while in the test set, 18 patients fell into mild TBI group, 39 into medium TBI group, 38 into severe TBI group and 16 into extremely severe TBI group. The following 12 kinds of injury data, including MARCH [massive hemorrhage (M), airway obstruction (A), respiratory failure (R), circulatory failure (C) and hypothermia (H)], GCS, pre-hospital index (PHI), shock index (SI), reverse SI multiplied by GCS (rSIG), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured by ultrasound, scalp and skull injuries were collected at the scene of the accidents. Three machine algorithm including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression (LR) were used to construct scene data-based TBI classification models. The accuracy rate, precision rate, recall rate, F1 value and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the 3 models were used to verify the efficiency of the models for TBI classification. Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was used to interpret the results of the optimal model. The 12 kinds of injury data in the models were sorted according to their contribution to the TBI classification and the injury data with greater contribution were selected. Results:In the test set, the accuracy rate of the RF, SVM and LR models was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively; the precision rate was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.89, respectively; the recall rate was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively; the F1 value was 0.93, 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. In the mild, medium, severe and extremely severe TBI groups in the test set, the AUC of the RF model was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92, 0.98), 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 0.99), 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), and 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.98), respectively; the AUC of the SVM model was 0.90 (95% CI 0.88, 0.94), 0.95 (95% CI 0.92, 0.97), 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98), and 0.95 (95% CI 0.92, 0.99), respectively; the AUC of the LR model was 0.90 (95% CI 0.83, 0.96), 0.90 (95% CI 0.84, 0.95), 0.96 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), and 0.95 (95% CI 0.94, 0.97), respectively. The RF model demonstrated optimal discriminative performance for TBI classification. As the SHAP′s interpretation of the RF model indicated, among the 12 kinds of injury data, those with greater contributions to the TBI classification were GCS, rSIG, SI, PHI, respiratory failure, ONSD, and circulatory failure in sequence. Conclusions:Of the scene data-based TBI classification models, the RF model achieves good predictive performance for TBI classification when compared with the SVM model and LR model. Besides, GCS, rSIG, SI, PHI, respiratory failure, ONSD and circulatory failure contribute significantly to the classification of TBI in the RF model, which may assist emergency medical personnel in field triage and management of TBI at accident scenes.

Objective:To explore the impact of the Yiqi Huoxue formula combined with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) antiviral therapy on the serum N-glycan abundance in patients with hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis so as to clarify the application value of the oligosaccharide chain test (GT) for dynamic monitoring of the liver fibrosis progression.Methods:Sixty-two cases diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B at the Department of Hepatology, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, between January 2020 and December 2022 were enrolled and divided into a Yiqi Huoxue Formula (YQHX) combined with NAs group and an NAs monotherapy group ( n=31), with 31 cases in each group for a total of 96 weeks of follow-up. Patient's basic clinical characteristics and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were collected. GT was used simultaneously to detect the serum N-glycan profile and abundance changes. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. Enumeration data were expressed as number of cases and percentages (%). The χ2 test was used to compare constituent ratios between two or more groups. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman method, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results:The proportion of patients was significantly higher in the YQHX combined with NAs group than the NAs monotherapy group [61.29% (19/31) vs. 9.68% (3/31), P<0.05] with no progression in liver fibrosis staging following 96 weeks of follow-up. The abundance of the N-glycan marker peak 8 [triantennary N-glycan (NA3)] had resulted in significant change for liver fibrosis improvements ( P<0.05), which predicts liver fibrosis progression and reversal in populations sensitive to traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion:The combined application of Yiqi Huoxue formula and NAs can significantly promote the improvement rate of hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis. Serum N-glycan peak 8 may serve as a potential biomarker for monitoring the reversal of hepatitis B-related liver fibrosis.

Intestinal stenosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) . Over 50% of Crohn′s disease (CD) patients develop to stricturing or penetrating phenotypes within 20 years of diagnosis. In ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, the incidence of stenosis varies from 2% to 11%. The occurrence of stenosis serves as an independent risk factor for surgery in CD and increases the risk of cancer in UC. Despite the increasing administration of biologic therapies, the progression from inflammatory phenotype to complicated phenotype has not decreased. This review summarizes the recent advances in the management of intestinal stricture in IBD, aiming to provide new insights.