AIM:To investigate the predictive value of aqueous humor stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1)and epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78(ENA78)for visual impairment following vitrectomy in patients with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS: Patients with DR who underwent vitrectomy in the ophthalmology department of our hospital from March 2022 to March 2024 were enrolled as study group. According to the results of uncorrected visual acuity examination during the 1-year follow-up after surgery, they were further divided into visual impairment group and good visual acuity group. In addition, patients with cataracts who were treated in our hospital during the same period were recruited as control group. The levels of SDF-1 and ENA78 in aqueous humor were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of indicators. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the influencing factors of postoperative visual impairment in DR patients. Relative risk analysis was conducted to assess the impact of different aqueous humor SDF-1 and ENA78 levels on postoperative visual impairment in DR patients. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was applied to determine the predictive value of aqueous humor SDF-1 and ENA78 levels for postoperative visual impairment in DR patients.RESULTS: Totally 156 cases(156 eyes)were enrolled in the study group, including 87 males and 69 females, with a mean age of 60.65±8.91 years old; and 91 cases(91 eyes)were enrolled in the control group, including 53 males and 38 females, with a mean age of 58.72±8.43 years old. The levels of SDF-1 and ENA78 in aqueous humor of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.001). According to the results of uncorrected visual acuity during the 1-year follow-up after surgery, the study group was further divided into the visual impairment group(n=49)and the good visual acuity group(n=107), including 28 males and 21 females in the visual impairment group, with a mean age of 63.73±7.41 years, and 59 males and 48 females in the good visual acuity group, with a mean age of 59.24±8.47 years. The age and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels of the visual impairment group were higher than those of the good visual acuity group(all P<0.05). Compared with the good visual acuity group, the levels of SDF-1 and ENA78 in aqueous humor of the visual impairment group were significantly elevated(all P<0.05). A positive correlation was found in the study group between the levels of SDF-1, ENA78 in aqueous humor and HbA1c(r=0.314, 0.362, all P<0.05). Elevated levels of aqueous humor SDF-1(OR=2.936, 95% CI: 1.628-5.296)and ENA78(OR=3.092, 95% CI: 1.738-5.502)were identified as risk factors for postoperative visual impairment in DR patients(all P<0.05). High levels of SDF-1 and ENA78 increased the risk of postoperative visual impairment by 1.958-fold and 2.030-fold compared with the low-level groups, respectively; the area under the curve(AUC)of combined detection of aqueous humor SDF-1 and ENA78 for predicting postoperative visual impairment in DR patients was 0.936, which was superior to the predictive value of SDF-1 or ENA78 alone(Zcombination-SDF-1=2.850, Zcombination-ENA78=2.445, all P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of aqueous humor SDF-1 and ENA78 are risk factors for postoperative visual impairment in DR patients, and the combined detection of SDF-1 and ENA78 has high clinical application value for predicting postoperative visual impairment in DR patients.

AIM: To investigate the correlation of serum leukocyte-derived chemotaxin 2(LECT2)and complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 5(CTRP5)with diabetic retinopathy(DR).METHODS:A single-center cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 138 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)admitted to our hospital from April 2023 to April 2025. According to the diagnostic results, they were divided into a non-DR group(60 cases)and a DR group(78 cases). The DR group was further divided into a proliferative DR(PDR)group(29 cases)and a non-proliferative DR(NPDR)group(49 cases). Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation of LECT2 and CTRP5 with glucose-lipid metabolism indicators. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the influencing factors for the occurrence of DR in T2DM patients. ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum LECT2 and CTRP5 for DR in T2DM patients.RESULTS: A comparison of general patient data between the two groups showed no significant differences. The DR group had higher serum levels of LECT2, CTRP5, total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)than the non-DR group, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)was lower(all P<0.05). The serum levels of LECT2 and CTRP5 in the PDR group were higher than those in the NPDR group(all P<0.05). Serum LECT2 and CTRP5 positively correlated with TC, TG, LDL-C, and HOMA-IR, and negatively correlated with HDL-C(all P<0.001). Logistic results showed that duration of diabetes, TC, TG, LDL-C, HOMA-IR, LECT2, and CTRP5 were risk factors for DR occurrence in T2DM patients(all P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the AUCs for serum LECT2, CTRP5 alone, and combined in diagnosing DR in T2DM patients were 0.830, 0.839, and 0.915, respectively. The AUC for the combined diagnosis was higher than that of LECT2 or CTRP5 alone according to the DeLong test(Z=2.818, 2.824, P=0.015, 0.012).CONCLUSION:Serum LECT2 and CTRP5 levels are closely related to the development of DR in T2DM patients, and joint detection has certain clinical value in diagnosing DR in T2DM patients.

As a key receptor for immune regulation， triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 （TREM2） plays an important role in the development and progression of liver diseases， but its specific mechanisms and regulatory strategies in different types and stages of liver diseases remain to be systematically elucidated. This article systematically reviews the molecular characteristics and signaling pathways of TREM2， elaborates on the multiple functions of TREM2⁺ macrophages in lipid metabolism， phagocytic function， inflammatory response， and fibrosis， and analyzes the dynamic and bidirectional roles of TREM2 in different liver diseases. Targeting the TREM2 signaling axis is expected to become a new strategy for regulating the hepatic immune microenvironment and intervening in disease progression.

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical effects and safety of Shuhe Granules （舒和颗粒） in patients with rheumatoid arthritis （RA） comorbid with insomnia. MethodsA single-arm prospective exploratory design was adopted. Thirty RA patients comorbid with insomnia and diagnosed with the traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome of kidney-heart deficiency and qi-blood disharmony were enrolled. On the basis of maintaining their original RA treatment regimens， all patients received oral Shuhe Granules， one dose per day， for 12 consecutive weeks. The outcomes were assessed before treatment and at weeks 4， 8， and 12 after treatment. Sleep and related psychosomatic function were evaluated using the insomnia severity index （ISI）， Pittsburgh sleep quality index （PSQI）， fatigue severity scale （FSS）， patient health questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， generalized anxiety disorder-7 （GAD-7）， and Montreal cognitive assessment （MoCA） scores. RA-related assessments included the 28-joint disease activity score based on C-reactive protein （DAS28-CRP）， pain visual analog scale （VAS）， tender joint count （TJC28）， swollen joint count （SJC28）， morning stiffness duration， and health assessment questionnaire （HAQ） score. Laboratory parameters included erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR）， serum C-reactive protein （CRP）， anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody （anti-CCP）， and rheumatoid factor （RF） levels. A literature-based historical control group was established through literature retrieval and meta-analysis. The ISI， PSQI， DAS28-CRP， and pain VAS scores were compared between the treatment group in the present study and the historical control group. Safety assessments were also performed. ResultsCompared with baseline before treatment， ISI and PSQI scores decreased at weeks 4， 8， and 12， while MoCA scores increased at weeks 4， 8， and 12. FSS scores decreased at weeks 4 and 12. At weeks 8 and 12， GAD-7 scores， DAS28-CRP scores， duration of morning stiffness， TJC28， and SJC28 were reduced. At week 12， PHQ-9， pain VAS， and HAQ scores significantly decreased （P＜0.05）. FSS and DAS28-CRP scores at week 12 were lower than those at week 4， and CRP levels at week 8 were lower than those at week 4 （P＜0.05）. Compared with the historical control group， the treatment group showed superior improvement in ISI and PSQI scores （P＜0.001）； however， no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in DAS28-CRP or pain VAS scores （P＞0.05）. No serious adverse events occurred during the study， and the 4 reported mild adverse events were all considered unrelated to the study medication. ConclusionShuhe Granules significantly improve sleep quality， fatigue， emotional status， cognitive function， RA-related symptoms， and joint function in patients with RA comorbid insomnia， with good safety and tolerability.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of differ-ent frequencies 0.01%atropine eye drops on the ocular surface in adolescent myopia control.METH-ODS:A total of 84 adolescent patients with myopia were recruited for this study.They were randomly assigned to receive 0.01%atropine eye drops at dif-ferent frequencies(morning group,evening group,morning and evening group).During the treatment period,ocular and systemic adverse reactions were observed,spherical equivalent refraction(SER)and axial length(AX)were examined.Additionally,ocu-lar surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire was obtained,tear meniscus height(TMH),non-inva-sive first tear film break-up time(NifBUT),non-inva-sive average tear film break-up time(NiaBUT),and meibomian gland atrophy score(MaS)were mea-sured by Keratograph 5M.RESULTS:During the 6-month treatment with 0.01%atropine eye drops,all adverse reaction symptoms were relatively mild and infrequent.Only one case of systemic reaction was reported,with temporary xerostomia.Six pa-tients reported discomfort such as ocular itching and dryness.The ocular reactions of photophobia and blurred near vision were slightly more com-mon in the morning and combined morning-eve-ning groups compared to the evening group,but there were no significant differences among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared to baseline,there were significant differences in SER and AX among the three groups after six months of treatment(P<0.05).Compared to baseline,no significant differ-ences were observed in the Morning group after six months of treatment in terms of OSDI score(P=0.656),TMH value(P=0.362),NifBUT(P=0.510),Ni-aBUT(P=0.700),and MaS(P=0.846).Similarly,no significant changes were found in the Evening group regarding OSDI score(P=0.429),TMH value(P=0.462),NifBUT(P=0.462),NiaBUT(P=0.598),and MaS(P=0.351).Additionally,in the Morning and evening group,no significant changes were de-tected in OSDI score(P=0.457),TMH value(P=0.748),NifBUT(P=0.197),NiaBUT(P=0.070),and MaS(P=0.802)after six months of treatment.CON-CLUSION:After six months of using 0.01%atropine eye drops with different frequencies in adolescent myopia control,there was no significant impact on the ocular surface.

The global incidence of head and neck cancer (HNC) is rising, with over 60% of patients presenting at a locally advanced stage. Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone of HNC treatment, and advancements in modern techniques and concurrent chemotherapy have improved local control and survival rates of HNC patients. However, these benefits also bring challenges in the management of toxicities. Due to the proximity of salivary glands and tumors, especially the highly radiosensitive parotid and submandibular glands, this condition is among the most common adverse effects of radiotherapy. Radiation damages acinar cells and ducts, causing glandular atrophy, fibrosis, and reduced saliva secretion, thereby leading to xerostomia and related complications. The risk and severity of injury are associated with the radiation dose and volume affecting the glands. Prevention and management strategies emphasize precise radiotherapy planning, target optimization, and supportive care. Emerging multimodal imaging techniques offer potential for non-invasive prediction and early diagnosis and treatment of radiation-induced salivary gland injury. Future research in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and molecular biology aims to elucidate molecular mechanisms, such as signaling pathways and genomics, facilitating personalized strategies to mitigate radiotherapy-induced toxicities and enhance the quality of life of patients.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of differ-ent frequencies 0.01%atropine eye drops on the ocular surface in adolescent myopia control.METH-ODS:A total of 84 adolescent patients with myopia were recruited for this study.They were randomly assigned to receive 0.01%atropine eye drops at dif-ferent frequencies(morning group,evening group,morning and evening group).During the treatment period,ocular and systemic adverse reactions were observed,spherical equivalent refraction(SER)and axial length(AX)were examined.Additionally,ocu-lar surface disease index(OSDI)questionnaire was obtained,tear meniscus height(TMH),non-inva-sive first tear film break-up time(NifBUT),non-inva-sive average tear film break-up time(NiaBUT),and meibomian gland atrophy score(MaS)were mea-sured by Keratograph 5M.RESULTS:During the 6-month treatment with 0.01%atropine eye drops,all adverse reaction symptoms were relatively mild and infrequent.Only one case of systemic reaction was reported,with temporary xerostomia.Six pa-tients reported discomfort such as ocular itching and dryness.The ocular reactions of photophobia and blurred near vision were slightly more com-mon in the morning and combined morning-eve-ning groups compared to the evening group,but there were no significant differences among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared to baseline,there were significant differences in SER and AX among the three groups after six months of treatment(P<0.05).Compared to baseline,no significant differ-ences were observed in the Morning group after six months of treatment in terms of OSDI score(P=0.656),TMH value(P=0.362),NifBUT(P=0.510),Ni-aBUT(P=0.700),and MaS(P=0.846).Similarly,no significant changes were found in the Evening group regarding OSDI score(P=0.429),TMH value(P=0.462),NifBUT(P=0.462),NiaBUT(P=0.598),and MaS(P=0.351).Additionally,in the Morning and evening group,no significant changes were de-tected in OSDI score(P=0.457),TMH value(P=0.748),NifBUT(P=0.197),NiaBUT(P=0.070),and MaS(P=0.802)after six months of treatment.CON-CLUSION:After six months of using 0.01%atropine eye drops with different frequencies in adolescent myopia control,there was no significant impact on the ocular surface.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of fluconazole on proteomics of Trichosporon asahii so as to reveal the responding process of T.asahii to fluconazole stress and the resistance mechanisms to azoles on the protein level.METHODS T.asahii AS 2.2174 was chosen as the research subject,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)of fluconazole was determined by broth microdilution assay.The protein abundance of T.asahii was detec-ted by means of tandem mass tag(TMT)technique combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrom-etry(LC-MS/MS)before and after the treatment with fluconazole(1× MIC).The differentially expressed pro-teins(DEPs)were identified based on the screening standards of fold change ≥1.20 or ≤0.83 and P＜0.05.Gene ontlogy(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis were performed for the DEPs so as to understand the biological property of the DEPs and the major biological pathways that the DEPs in-volved in.Finally,the targeted validation was carried out for the targeted differentially expressed proteins by using multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).RESULTS The MIC of fluconazole to T.asahii AS 2.2174 was 8 μg/ml.Totally 196 DEPs were identified,including 93 upregulated DEPs and 103 downregulated DEPs.The function en-richment analysis showed that the DEPs mainly participated in synthesis and metabolism of sterols,drug metabo-lism,stress response,energy metabolism and intertranslation.The targeted DEPs showed the consistent expres-sion trends in MRM target validation and TMT-LC-MS/MS.CONCLUSIONS The protein abundance of T.asahii has remarkable change under the fluconazole stress.The bioinformatics analysis reveals the complicated molecular mechanisms of T.asahii in response to the fluconazole stress,which may offer valuable ideas for understanding the drug resistance to azoles and developing new drug targets.

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) plays a crucial role in regulating sensory encoding, even at the earliest stages of visual processing, as evidenced by numerous studies. Orientation selectivity, a vital neural response, is essential for detecting objects through edge perception. Here, we demonstrate that somatostatin (SOM)-expressing and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing neurons in the TRN project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and modulate orientation selectivity and the capacity for visual information processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). These findings show that SOM-positive and PV-positive neurons in the TRN are powerful modulators of visual information encoding in V1, revealing a novel role for this thalamic nucleus in influencing visual processing.
Animals ; Somatostatin/metabolism* ; Parvalbumins/metabolism* ; Neurons/physiology* ; Thalamic Nuclei/physiology* ; Visual Pathways/physiology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Visual Perception/physiology* ; Male ; Mice, Transgenic ; Visual Cortex/physiology* ; Primary Visual Cortex/cytology*

Osteoporosis is a prevalent skeletal condition characterized by reduced bone mass and strength, leading to increased fragility. Buqi-Tongluo (BQTL) decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has yet to be fully evaluated for its potential in treating bone diseases such as osteoporosis. To investigate the mechanism by which BQTL decoction inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro and validate these findings through in vivo experiments. We employed MTS assays to assess the potential proliferative or toxic effects of BQTL on bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) at various concentrations. TRAcP experiments were conducted to examine BQTL's impact on osteoclast differentiation. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were utilized to evaluate the relative expression levels of osteoclast-specific genes and proteins under BQTL stimulation. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed using an osteoporosis model to further validate the in vitro findings. This study revealed that BQTL suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast resorption activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner without observable cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of BQTL on osteoclast formation and function were attributed to the downregulation of NFATc1 and c-fos activity, primarily through attenuation of the MAPK, NF-κB, and Calcineurin signaling pathways. BQTL's inhibitory capacity was further examined in vivo using an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, demonstrating a strong protective effect against bone loss. BQTL may serve as an effective therapeutic TCM for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and the alleviation of bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency and related conditions.
Animals ; NFATC Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Ovariectomy ; Osteoclasts/metabolism* ; Female ; Osteogenesis/drug effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; NF-kappa B/genetics* ; Osteoporosis/genetics* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Bone Resorption/genetics* ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects* ; Humans ; RANK Ligand/metabolism* ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics* ; Transcription Factors