Magnesium metabolism disorders are very common in patients with chronic kidney disease, and precise management of blood magnesium levels is crucial for improving patient prognosis. Current studies indicate that low serum magnesium levels may exacerbate vascular calcification and inflammatory responses in these patients, interfere with glucose metabolism, and increase the risks of cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality. It is also closely associated with the development of hypertension, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. Conversely, a certain degree of elevated serum magnesium levels may help reduce blood pressure, improve vascular calcification and inflammatory status, and decrease the risks of all-cause mortality and fracture incidence. However, whether high serum magnesium levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease remains a controversial issue. This review aims to discuss the research progress on magnesium metabolism disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease from multiple perspectives.

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by complex pathophysiology. In recent years, research has indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the intestinal barrier function is compromised, allowing enteric metabolic toxins and bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation, which exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response associated with chronic kidney disease. Probiotics, as active microorganisms that regulate gut microbiota, have gradually attracted attention for their potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on the research progress on probiotics for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Magnesium metabolism disorders are very common in patients with chronic kidney disease, and precise management of blood magnesium levels is crucial for improving patient prognosis. Current studies indicate that low serum magnesium levels may exacerbate vascular calcification and inflammatory responses in these patients, interfere with glucose metabolism, and increase the risks of cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality. It is also closely associated with the development of hypertension, depression, and cognitive dysfunction. Conversely, a certain degree of elevated serum magnesium levels may help reduce blood pressure, improve vascular calcification and inflammatory status, and decrease the risks of all-cause mortality and fracture incidence. However, whether high serum magnesium levels can reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease remains a controversial issue. This review aims to discuss the research progress on magnesium metabolism disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease from multiple perspectives.

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by complex pathophysiology. In recent years, research has indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the intestinal barrier function is compromised, allowing enteric metabolic toxins and bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation, which exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response associated with chronic kidney disease. Probiotics, as active microorganisms that regulate gut microbiota, have gradually attracted attention for their potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on the research progress on probiotics for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Approximately 60% of patients with chronic kidney disease exhibit varying degrees of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The control rate of intact parathyroid hormone in these patients remains at approximately 55%. The clinical manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism primarily consist of elevated parathyroid hormone levels and persistent calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders, which can lead to skin, bone, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. These conditions significantly affect patients' quality of life and may even lead to increased mortality rates. This article aims to review the progress in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism based on the latest relevant research.

Patients with chronic kidney disease are in a state of hypoxia for a long time. Hypoxia-inducible factor, as a key regulator of the hypoxia response, can regulate the expression and secretion of various osteogenic markers through multiple signaling pathways, promote osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells,and participate in the formation of vascular calcification. It can also contribute to vascular calcification by inducing oxidative stress, promoting autophagy, and influencing the glycolysis pathway. This involvement significantly increases the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease. This article reviews the research related to the mechanisms of vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease induced by hypoxia-inducible factor under hypoxic conditions, as well as the possible treatments for this disease.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of hemodiafiltration combined with hemoperfusion in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods:A total of 40 patients with SHPT undergoing MHD who received treatment at the Blood Purification Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology from February 2021 to March 2023 were included in this prospective cohort study. They were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group ( n = 20/group).The control group received a single high flux hemodialysis, while the observation group used a combination of hemodialysis filtration and hemoperfusion for 3 months. In both groups, the changes in hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum calcium, serum phosphorus,and parathyroid hormone levels were compared before and after dialysis. Results:After dialysis, the hemoglobin level in the observation group was (119.45 ± 5.27) g/L, which was significantly higher than (106.30 ± 6.52) g/L in the control group ( t = -7.02, P < 0.001). The serum phosphorus level in the observation group was (1.18 ± 0.17) mmol/L, which was significantly lower than (1.52 ± 0.22) mmol/L in the control group ( t = 5.49, P < 0.001). The parathyroid hormone level in the observation group was (122.14 ± 40.57) ng/L, which was significantly lower than (168.78 ± 78.27) ng/L in the control group ( t = 2.39, P = 0.023). Conclusion:Hemodiafiltration combined with hemoperfusion can reduce clinical symptoms, increase hemoglobin level, and reduce phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels in patients with SHPT undergoing MHD, which deserves clinical promotion.