Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） is the main cause of chronic liver disease around the world and can eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. This article describes the evolution of the definition of MAFLD， the epidemiological burden of MAFLD， and the biosynthesis and biological functions of microRNA （miRNA）， as well as the important role of various types of miRNA in the progression of MAFLD by regulating the processes such as lipid metabolism， inflammation and liver fibrosis， oxidative stress， endoplasmic reticulum stress， and glycolysis. This article also evaluates the application prospect of miRNA as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It is pointed out that although existing studies have shown that miRNA plays an important role in the progression of MAFLD， there are still challenges in clinical translation， and large-scale studies should be conducted in the future to clarify the practical value of miRNA in MAFLD diagnosis and treatment， thereby providing new ways for precision medicine.

Objective To establish a simplified simulation method of rocking-chair archwire(RCA),explore the biomechanical effect of RCA during anterior teeth retraction with sliding mechanics,and provide guidance for clinical treatment.Methods A standard 0.019 in×0.025 in(0.483 mm×0.635 mm)labial archwire was imported into ANSYS software and preloaded spring was used to simulate RCA at different angles to achieve parameterized modeling.A three-dimensional(3D)finite element model with labial straight wire appliance,teeth,periodontium and maxillary bone was established to analyze the displacement and force of anterior/posterior teeth under 1.5 N intra-arch traction combined with RCA at different angles.Results Preloading forces of 1.5,3,4.5,and 6 N in spring induced angles of approximately 5°,10°,15°,and 20° for RCA,demonstrating the flexibility and convenience of the parameterized modeling method.During intra-arch traction with increased angle of RCA,lingual crown displacement of the middle incisor gradually decreased,while the lateral incisor and canine showed decreased crown tipping and increased lingual root displacement;when the RCA angle was 20°,the lateral incisor and canine achieved almost bodily retraction.Meanwhile,premolars showed an extrusion tendency,while molars demonstrated distal crown tipping and intrusion tendency.As the RCA angle increased from 0° to 20°,intrusive force on the anterior teeth increased,and the moment-force ratio(M/F)at bracket level increased from 0 to near 9 mm.Conclusions RCA can effectively control the moving pattern of the maxillary anterior teeth and prevent their over-erection and extrusion during retraction with sliding mechanics.During intra-arch traction with rigid stainless steel archwire,theoretically RCA of 20° has sufficient torque control on the anterior teeth to achieve their en-masse retraction.

Objective To explore the application values of different detection methods in monitoring the decline pattern of syphilis-spe-cific antibody in the non-congenital syphilis children.Methods A total of 80 non-congenital syphilis children were included in the study.The serum specimens were collected after birth,and the syphilis-specific antibodies were detected using electrochemilumines-cence immunoassay(ECLIA),western blotting(WB),treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay(TPPA),enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay(ELISA),and toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST).Follow-up was conducted every three months until the positive results of ELISA and TRUST turned to negative.Results The results of ECLIA showed that the syphilis-specific antibody lev-els in the non-congenital syphilis children declined to 25％of the level at birth within 2 to 3 months,and the rate of decline was inde-pendent of the initial concentration.WB analysis indicated that the specific IgG bands in non-congenital syphilis children at birth were consistent with those of their mother,and the sequence of specific antibodies decline was as follows:TPN47,TPN15,TPN45,and TPN17.Due to methodological limitations,the absorbance values of ELISA showed no significant change during the first three months after birth when high concentrations of antibodies were present in the samples,but it showed high sensitivity in the detection for the samples with low-concentration of syphilis antibodies.The detection rates of ECLIA,TPPA,and WB were compared by using ELISA as the reference method.At birth,the detection rates of syphilis antibodies were 100％,100％,and 90％,respectively.In 3 months after birth,the detection rates were 100％,100％,and 75％.In 6 months after birth,,they were 100％,46％,and 15％.In 9 months after birth,they were 83％,33％,and 0％.The positive rate of TRUST was 17.5％at birth.and turned to negative in 3 month of follow-up.Conclusion Syphilis specific IgG antibodies may fully transferred to the fetus and decline in a predictable pattern after birth.The comprehensive analysis for the results of the four methods suggested that dynamic detection using ECLIA method could be used to pre-dict the risk of non-congenital syphilis or terminate the follow-up at 3 months,while the seroconversion detected by WB was earlier than that by TPPA,while ELISA required the longest follow-up period.

Objective:To explore the clinical application effect of belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)and its influence on cluster of differentiation(CD40)and cluster of differentiation 40 ligands(CD40L)expression in the peripheral blood,and to provide a theoretical basis for the effective treatment of SLE.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 150 patients with SLE admitted to our hospital,and they were divided into conventional treatment group(n=78,standard treatment plan)and belimumab group(n=72,standard treatment plan+belimumab)according to the treatment methods.The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions were compared.The clinical symptoms,organ involvement,disease activities,prednisone doses,the expression levels of CD40 and CD40L mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells,and the levels of immunology-related indicators before and after treatment were analyzed.Results:Compared with conventional treatment group,the total effective rate,complement C3 and complement C4 levels in the belimumab group were significantly increased after treatment(P<0.01 or P<0.001),while the proportion of renal involvement,the SLE disease activity index-2K(SLEDAI-2K)score,the dosage of prednisone,immunoglobulin G(IgG)level and the expression levels of CD40 and CD40L mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between two groups during treatment period(P>0.05).Conclusion:Belimumab can increase the effective rate of SLE treatment,reduce disease activity,decrease the involvement of the kidneys and the dose of hormones,and has good safety;its mechanism of action may be related to down-regulating the expression of CD40 and CD40L in peripheral blood and improving the immune function.

Objective To establish a simplified simulation method of rocking-chair archwire(RCA),explore the biomechanical effect of RCA during anterior teeth retraction with sliding mechanics,and provide guidance for clinical treatment.Methods A standard 0.019 in×0.025 in(0.483 mm×0.635 mm)labial archwire was imported into ANSYS software and preloaded spring was used to simulate RCA at different angles to achieve parameterized modeling.A three-dimensional(3D)finite element model with labial straight wire appliance,teeth,periodontium and maxillary bone was established to analyze the displacement and force of anterior/posterior teeth under 1.5 N intra-arch traction combined with RCA at different angles.Results Preloading forces of 1.5,3,4.5,and 6 N in spring induced angles of approximately 5°,10°,15°,and 20° for RCA,demonstrating the flexibility and convenience of the parameterized modeling method.During intra-arch traction with increased angle of RCA,lingual crown displacement of the middle incisor gradually decreased,while the lateral incisor and canine showed decreased crown tipping and increased lingual root displacement;when the RCA angle was 20°,the lateral incisor and canine achieved almost bodily retraction.Meanwhile,premolars showed an extrusion tendency,while molars demonstrated distal crown tipping and intrusion tendency.As the RCA angle increased from 0° to 20°,intrusive force on the anterior teeth increased,and the moment-force ratio(M/F)at bracket level increased from 0 to near 9 mm.Conclusions RCA can effectively control the moving pattern of the maxillary anterior teeth and prevent their over-erection and extrusion during retraction with sliding mechanics.During intra-arch traction with rigid stainless steel archwire,theoretically RCA of 20° has sufficient torque control on the anterior teeth to achieve their en-masse retraction.

Objective To explore the application values of different detection methods in monitoring the decline pattern of syphilis-spe-cific antibody in the non-congenital syphilis children.Methods A total of 80 non-congenital syphilis children were included in the study.The serum specimens were collected after birth,and the syphilis-specific antibodies were detected using electrochemilumines-cence immunoassay(ECLIA),western blotting(WB),treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay(TPPA),enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay(ELISA),and toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST).Follow-up was conducted every three months until the positive results of ELISA and TRUST turned to negative.Results The results of ECLIA showed that the syphilis-specific antibody lev-els in the non-congenital syphilis children declined to 25％of the level at birth within 2 to 3 months,and the rate of decline was inde-pendent of the initial concentration.WB analysis indicated that the specific IgG bands in non-congenital syphilis children at birth were consistent with those of their mother,and the sequence of specific antibodies decline was as follows:TPN47,TPN15,TPN45,and TPN17.Due to methodological limitations,the absorbance values of ELISA showed no significant change during the first three months after birth when high concentrations of antibodies were present in the samples,but it showed high sensitivity in the detection for the samples with low-concentration of syphilis antibodies.The detection rates of ECLIA,TPPA,and WB were compared by using ELISA as the reference method.At birth,the detection rates of syphilis antibodies were 100％,100％,and 90％,respectively.In 3 months after birth,the detection rates were 100％,100％,and 75％.In 6 months after birth,,they were 100％,46％,and 15％.In 9 months after birth,they were 83％,33％,and 0％.The positive rate of TRUST was 17.5％at birth.and turned to negative in 3 month of follow-up.Conclusion Syphilis specific IgG antibodies may fully transferred to the fetus and decline in a predictable pattern after birth.The comprehensive analysis for the results of the four methods suggested that dynamic detection using ECLIA method could be used to pre-dict the risk of non-congenital syphilis or terminate the follow-up at 3 months,while the seroconversion detected by WB was earlier than that by TPPA,while ELISA required the longest follow-up period.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process of standard decoction of Longan seed.METHODS The amount of water added,extraction time and extraction times as the influencing factors,using the extract yield,gallic acid content,corilagin content,ellagic acid content,half clearance concentration(IC50)of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH)free radical and IC50 of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt(ABTS)free radical as the evaluation indexes,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP),criteria importarue though inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)and AHP-CRITIC method were used to calculate the weight values of each index;the extraction process of Longan seed standard decoction was optimized by single factor test combined with orthogonal experiment;validation test was also performed.RESULTS According to the AHP-CRITIC method,the weights of the above indicators were determined to be 9.224％,11.784％,19.320％,11.206％,20.597％,27.869％,respectively.The best process of standard decoction of longan seed was to add 14 times water for the first extraction and extract for 30 minutes;and 12 times water for the second and third extractions,and extract for 20 minutes.Average comprehensive score of the 3 times validation experiments was 97.96 and the RSD was 0.97％(n=3).CONCLUSIONS The process is simple to operate,stable and feasible,which can provide a experimental basis for the further development and utilization of standard decoction of longan seed.

Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is associated with significant neurotoxicity, high addiction potential, and behavioral abnormalities. Recent studies have identified a connection between the gut microbiota and METH-induced neurotoxicity and behavioral disorders. However, the underlying causal mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to METH pathophysiology remain largely unexplored. In this study, we employed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic (Abx) intervention to manipulate the gut microbiota in mice administered METH. Furthermore, we supplemented METH-treated mice with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and pioglitazone (Pio) to determine the protective effects on gut microbiota metabolism. Finally, we assessed the underlying mechanisms of the gut-brain neural circuit in vagotomized mice. Our data provide compelling evidence that modulation of the gut microbiome through FMT or microbiome knockdown by Abx plays a crucial role in METH-induced neurotoxicity, behavioral disorders, gut microbiota disturbances, and intestinal barrier impairment. Furthermore, our findings highlight a novel prevention strategy for mitigating the risks to both the nervous and intestinal systems caused by METH, which involves supplementation with SCFAs or Pio.

Objective To understand the genotyping of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infected hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients in Yunnan Province, and to analyze the differences in viral load, biochemical indicators, and blood routine indicators among different genotypes, in order to provide a laboratory basis for the diagnosis and clinical treatment of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Methods From November 2022 to June 2023, the serum samples and basic information of patients diagnosed with HIV/HCV co-infection were collected in the antiviral outpatient clinic of Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases. The HCV viral load was detected by one-step qRT-PCR amplification, the positive samples were sequenced, and genotyping was determined based on NS5 gene sequence. The differences in biochemical and blood routine indexes between HIV patients co-infected with different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads were analyzed. Results A total of 126 HIV/HCV co-infected patients were collected, including 20 HCV genotype 1 (15.9%), 91 HCV genotype 3 (72.2%), and 15 HCV genotype 6 (11.9%). The maximum and minimum viral load of the three HCV genotypes were as follows: HCV type 1 (1.0×108, 4.8×104 IU/mL), HCV type 3 (2.2×108, 2.9×102 IU/mL), and HCV type 6 (8.1×107, 6.8×104 IU/mL). The results showed that there was no significant difference between HIV co-infection with different genotypes of HCV and three HIV treatment schemes, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+integrase strand transfer inhibitors (NRTIs+INSTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs+NNRTIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors+protease inhibitor (NRTIs+PLs), and the viral load of patients (P>0.05). The analysis of biochemical indexes such as total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CREA), and blood routine indexes such as white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), platelet (PLT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) among different HCV genotypes and low/high viral loads showed that there was no significant difference in biochemical indexes and blood routine indexes between low/high viral loads of HIV co-infected HCV patients (P>0.05); however, the biochemical indicators TBIL, IBIL and MCHC were significantly different statistically between patients with genotype 3 HCV infection and those with genotype 1 HCV infection (P<0.05), while other biochemical and blood routine indexes were not statistically different among different HCV genotypes (P>0.05). Conclusions There are six subtypes of HCV co-infection in HIV patients in Kunming, Yunnan Province, including three genes of genotype 1, 3, and 6. Among them, genotype 3 HCV is the main prevalent genetic virus among HIV co-infected populations. The TBIL, IBIL and MCHC values of HIV patients co-infected with HCV type 3 are different from those infected with HCV type 1.

OBJECTIVE To construct a clinical model of motion sickness(MS),provide a relatively objective diagnostic model for MS research,and provide a basis for further clinical intervention of the disease.METHODS A total of 60 subjects were included and divided into experimental group and control group according to the presence or absence of MS.The MS clinical model was established using SRM-IV rotating chair.Peripheral blood was collected before and after acceleration exposure,and the contents of adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),growth hormone(GH),prolactin(PRL),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),thyroid stimulating hormone(TRH)and gastrin-17(G-17),acetylcholine(ACH)and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)were detected,Graybiel scale was used to evaluate the severity of MS.The correlation between MS symptoms and signs and peripheral blood indexes was analyzed by multiple linear regression,and the diagnostic model was established.construct a clinical model of MS and a diagnostic model based on blood parameters,so as to provide a reliable clinical model and an objective diagnostic model for MS research,and to provide a basis for further clinical intervention of the disease.RESULTS After acceleration exposure,the Graybiel scores,ACH,5-HT,ACTH,GH and PRL levels in peripheral blood of the experimental group were higher than those before exposure,and were significantly different from those of the control group(P<0.001).There was no significant difference in FSH,LH,TRH and G-17 between the two groups before and after acceleration exposure(P>0.05).Multi-index combined diagnostic model:Graybiel scores=-9.32+0.131×ACTH+0.055×ACH+0.041×5-HT.CONCLUSION The levels of ACH,5-HT,ACTH,GH and PRL increased during the onset of MS.The multi-index combined diagnosis model can provide a certain basis for the objective diagnosis of MS in clinical practice.