Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD） is the main cause of chronic liver disease around the world and can eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. This article describes the evolution of the definition of MAFLD， the epidemiological burden of MAFLD， and the biosynthesis and biological functions of microRNA （miRNA）， as well as the important role of various types of miRNA in the progression of MAFLD by regulating the processes such as lipid metabolism， inflammation and liver fibrosis， oxidative stress， endoplasmic reticulum stress， and glycolysis. This article also evaluates the application prospect of miRNA as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It is pointed out that although existing studies have shown that miRNA plays an important role in the progression of MAFLD， there are still challenges in clinical translation， and large-scale studies should be conducted in the future to clarify the practical value of miRNA in MAFLD diagnosis and treatment， thereby providing new ways for precision medicine.

Objective:To explore the clinical application effect of belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)and its influence on cluster of differentiation(CD40)and cluster of differentiation 40 ligands(CD40L)expression in the peripheral blood,and to provide a theoretical basis for the effective treatment of SLE.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 150 patients with SLE admitted to our hospital,and they were divided into conventional treatment group(n=78,standard treatment plan)and belimumab group(n=72,standard treatment plan+belimumab)according to the treatment methods.The therapeutic effects and adverse reactions were compared.The clinical symptoms,organ involvement,disease activities,prednisone doses,the expression levels of CD40 and CD40L mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells,and the levels of immunology-related indicators before and after treatment were analyzed.Results:Compared with conventional treatment group,the total effective rate,complement C3 and complement C4 levels in the belimumab group were significantly increased after treatment(P<0.01 or P<0.001),while the proportion of renal involvement,the SLE disease activity index-2K(SLEDAI-2K)score,the dosage of prednisone,immunoglobulin G(IgG)level and the expression levels of CD40 and CD40L mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.001).There was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of adverse reactions between two groups during treatment period(P>0.05).Conclusion:Belimumab can increase the effective rate of SLE treatment,reduce disease activity,decrease the involvement of the kidneys and the dose of hormones,and has good safety;its mechanism of action may be related to down-regulating the expression of CD40 and CD40L in peripheral blood and improving the immune function.

Objective To explore the application values of different detection methods in monitoring the decline pattern of syphilis-spe-cific antibody in the non-congenital syphilis children.Methods A total of 80 non-congenital syphilis children were included in the study.The serum specimens were collected after birth,and the syphilis-specific antibodies were detected using electrochemilumines-cence immunoassay(ECLIA),western blotting(WB),treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay(TPPA),enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay(ELISA),and toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST).Follow-up was conducted every three months until the positive results of ELISA and TRUST turned to negative.Results The results of ECLIA showed that the syphilis-specific antibody lev-els in the non-congenital syphilis children declined to 25％of the level at birth within 2 to 3 months,and the rate of decline was inde-pendent of the initial concentration.WB analysis indicated that the specific IgG bands in non-congenital syphilis children at birth were consistent with those of their mother,and the sequence of specific antibodies decline was as follows:TPN47,TPN15,TPN45,and TPN17.Due to methodological limitations,the absorbance values of ELISA showed no significant change during the first three months after birth when high concentrations of antibodies were present in the samples,but it showed high sensitivity in the detection for the samples with low-concentration of syphilis antibodies.The detection rates of ECLIA,TPPA,and WB were compared by using ELISA as the reference method.At birth,the detection rates of syphilis antibodies were 100％,100％,and 90％,respectively.In 3 months after birth,the detection rates were 100％,100％,and 75％.In 6 months after birth,,they were 100％,46％,and 15％.In 9 months after birth,they were 83％,33％,and 0％.The positive rate of TRUST was 17.5％at birth.and turned to negative in 3 month of follow-up.Conclusion Syphilis specific IgG antibodies may fully transferred to the fetus and decline in a predictable pattern after birth.The comprehensive analysis for the results of the four methods suggested that dynamic detection using ECLIA method could be used to pre-dict the risk of non-congenital syphilis or terminate the follow-up at 3 months,while the seroconversion detected by WB was earlier than that by TPPA,while ELISA required the longest follow-up period.

Objective To establish a simplified simulation method of rocking-chair archwire(RCA),explore the biomechanical effect of RCA during anterior teeth retraction with sliding mechanics,and provide guidance for clinical treatment.Methods A standard 0.019 in×0.025 in(0.483 mm×0.635 mm)labial archwire was imported into ANSYS software and preloaded spring was used to simulate RCA at different angles to achieve parameterized modeling.A three-dimensional(3D)finite element model with labial straight wire appliance,teeth,periodontium and maxillary bone was established to analyze the displacement and force of anterior/posterior teeth under 1.5 N intra-arch traction combined with RCA at different angles.Results Preloading forces of 1.5,3,4.5,and 6 N in spring induced angles of approximately 5°,10°,15°,and 20° for RCA,demonstrating the flexibility and convenience of the parameterized modeling method.During intra-arch traction with increased angle of RCA,lingual crown displacement of the middle incisor gradually decreased,while the lateral incisor and canine showed decreased crown tipping and increased lingual root displacement;when the RCA angle was 20°,the lateral incisor and canine achieved almost bodily retraction.Meanwhile,premolars showed an extrusion tendency,while molars demonstrated distal crown tipping and intrusion tendency.As the RCA angle increased from 0° to 20°,intrusive force on the anterior teeth increased,and the moment-force ratio(M/F)at bracket level increased from 0 to near 9 mm.Conclusions RCA can effectively control the moving pattern of the maxillary anterior teeth and prevent their over-erection and extrusion during retraction with sliding mechanics.During intra-arch traction with rigid stainless steel archwire,theoretically RCA of 20° has sufficient torque control on the anterior teeth to achieve their en-masse retraction.

Objective To explore the application values of different detection methods in monitoring the decline pattern of syphilis-spe-cific antibody in the non-congenital syphilis children.Methods A total of 80 non-congenital syphilis children were included in the study.The serum specimens were collected after birth,and the syphilis-specific antibodies were detected using electrochemilumines-cence immunoassay(ECLIA),western blotting(WB),treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay(TPPA),enzyme-linked im-munosorbent assay(ELISA),and toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST).Follow-up was conducted every three months until the positive results of ELISA and TRUST turned to negative.Results The results of ECLIA showed that the syphilis-specific antibody lev-els in the non-congenital syphilis children declined to 25％of the level at birth within 2 to 3 months,and the rate of decline was inde-pendent of the initial concentration.WB analysis indicated that the specific IgG bands in non-congenital syphilis children at birth were consistent with those of their mother,and the sequence of specific antibodies decline was as follows:TPN47,TPN15,TPN45,and TPN17.Due to methodological limitations,the absorbance values of ELISA showed no significant change during the first three months after birth when high concentrations of antibodies were present in the samples,but it showed high sensitivity in the detection for the samples with low-concentration of syphilis antibodies.The detection rates of ECLIA,TPPA,and WB were compared by using ELISA as the reference method.At birth,the detection rates of syphilis antibodies were 100％,100％,and 90％,respectively.In 3 months after birth,the detection rates were 100％,100％,and 75％.In 6 months after birth,,they were 100％,46％,and 15％.In 9 months after birth,they were 83％,33％,and 0％.The positive rate of TRUST was 17.5％at birth.and turned to negative in 3 month of follow-up.Conclusion Syphilis specific IgG antibodies may fully transferred to the fetus and decline in a predictable pattern after birth.The comprehensive analysis for the results of the four methods suggested that dynamic detection using ECLIA method could be used to pre-dict the risk of non-congenital syphilis or terminate the follow-up at 3 months,while the seroconversion detected by WB was earlier than that by TPPA,while ELISA required the longest follow-up period.

Objective To establish a simplified simulation method of rocking-chair archwire(RCA),explore the biomechanical effect of RCA during anterior teeth retraction with sliding mechanics,and provide guidance for clinical treatment.Methods A standard 0.019 in×0.025 in(0.483 mm×0.635 mm)labial archwire was imported into ANSYS software and preloaded spring was used to simulate RCA at different angles to achieve parameterized modeling.A three-dimensional(3D)finite element model with labial straight wire appliance,teeth,periodontium and maxillary bone was established to analyze the displacement and force of anterior/posterior teeth under 1.5 N intra-arch traction combined with RCA at different angles.Results Preloading forces of 1.5,3,4.5,and 6 N in spring induced angles of approximately 5°,10°,15°,and 20° for RCA,demonstrating the flexibility and convenience of the parameterized modeling method.During intra-arch traction with increased angle of RCA,lingual crown displacement of the middle incisor gradually decreased,while the lateral incisor and canine showed decreased crown tipping and increased lingual root displacement;when the RCA angle was 20°,the lateral incisor and canine achieved almost bodily retraction.Meanwhile,premolars showed an extrusion tendency,while molars demonstrated distal crown tipping and intrusion tendency.As the RCA angle increased from 0° to 20°,intrusive force on the anterior teeth increased,and the moment-force ratio(M/F)at bracket level increased from 0 to near 9 mm.Conclusions RCA can effectively control the moving pattern of the maxillary anterior teeth and prevent their over-erection and extrusion during retraction with sliding mechanics.During intra-arch traction with rigid stainless steel archwire,theoretically RCA of 20° has sufficient torque control on the anterior teeth to achieve their en-masse retraction.

OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process of standard decoction of Longan seed.METHODS The amount of water added,extraction time and extraction times as the influencing factors,using the extract yield,gallic acid content,corilagin content,ellagic acid content,half clearance concentration(IC50)of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH)free radical and IC50 of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt(ABTS)free radical as the evaluation indexes,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP),criteria importarue though inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)and AHP-CRITIC method were used to calculate the weight values of each index;the extraction process of Longan seed standard decoction was optimized by single factor test combined with orthogonal experiment;validation test was also performed.RESULTS According to the AHP-CRITIC method,the weights of the above indicators were determined to be 9.224％,11.784％,19.320％,11.206％,20.597％,27.869％,respectively.The best process of standard decoction of longan seed was to add 14 times water for the first extraction and extract for 30 minutes;and 12 times water for the second and third extractions,and extract for 20 minutes.Average comprehensive score of the 3 times validation experiments was 97.96 and the RSD was 0.97％(n=3).CONCLUSIONS The process is simple to operate,stable and feasible,which can provide a experimental basis for the further development and utilization of standard decoction of longan seed.

To analyze the factors affecting the cost of hospitalization for patients and provide insights using the intrauterine lesion surgery group (DRG code NE19) as an example.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for basic analysis of the pharmacodynamic substance in Stahlianthus involucratus. METHODS Overall 24 SD male rats were randomly divided into blank group （purified water）， and administration group （ethanol extract of S. involucratus， 15.75 g/kg， calculated by crude drug）， with 12 rats in each group. They were given drug liquid/purified water intragastrically， twice a day， every 6-8 h， for consecutive 3 days. After medication， the blood， urine and fecal samples were collected from two groups of rats. UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS technology was used to identify the chemical constituents in the ethanol extract of S. involucratus， and metabolites in the blood， urine and fecal of rats after intragastrical administration of the ethanol extract of S. involucratus. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to screen various serum metabolites. Metabolic pathways were analyzed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform. RESULTS A total of 38 chemical constituents were identified from the ethanol extract of S. involucratus， including fourteen prototype components and three metabolites identified from 5 urine samples， nine prototype components identified from fecal samples， and ten prototype components and one metabolite identified from serum samples. A total of 71 differential metabolites were screened from two groups of rat serum samples， of which 44 differential metabolites， such as ferulic acid， glycyrrhizin， were up-regulated and 27 differential metabolites， such as arachidonic acid， phenylacetylglutamine， were down-regulated. The 71 differential metabolites were mainly enriched in 11 metabolic pathways， including phenylalanine metabolism， linoleic acid metabolism， arachidonic acid metabolism， and tryptophan metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Ferulic acid， liquiritigenin， isofraxidin and formononetin may be the material basis that directly exert pharmacological effects of S. involucratus. S. involucratus may exert anti-inflammatory effects by affecting metabolic pathways， including arachidonic acid metabolism and tryptophan metabolism.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of polymorphisms of solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B3(SLCO1B3) gene on the pharmacodynamics of mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) in patients with lupus nephritis. METHODS Patients with lupus nephritis who were treated in Jieyang People’s Hospital from September 2019 to April 2021 were selected. All subjects were treated with MMF for at least 12 months, or discontinued due to poor efficacy. The efficacy of MMF was evaluated. The SLCO1B3 334T>G/699G>A(rs4149117/rs7311358) genotype was detected using Agena MassARRAY®, and the correlation between gene polymorphisms and MMF pharmacodynamics was analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. RESULTS The genotype frequencies of SLCO1B3 334T>G/699G>A were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The probability of poor MMF treatment effect of 334GG/699AA carriers was significantly higher than that of 334TT/699AA and 334TG/699GA carriers(P<0.001); Logistic regression showed that both 334GG/699AA and urine protein>2.5 g·(24 h)−1 were the risk factors for poor MMF treatment[OR=4.038(1.731, 9.420), P<0.001; OR=4.157(1.705, 10.137), P=0.002]. Combined analysis showed that patients with both 334GG/699AA genotype and urine protein>2.5 g·(24 h)−1 were at higher risk for poor efficacy[OR=8.563(3.301, 22.216), P<0.001]. CONCLUSION SLCO1B3 334T>G/699G>A is related to the efficacy of MMF treating lupus nephritis, and 334GG/699AA carriers are more likely to result in poor efficacy.