Background::Response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is affected by multiple factors. This study aimed to explore whether sites of metastasis are associated with clinical outcomes of ICIs in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.Methods::The data of NSCLC patients with high programmed death-ligand 1 expression and good performance status receiving first-line ICIs monotherapy from Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital between May 2019 and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Metastatic sites included liver, bone, brain, adrenal gland, pleura, and contralateral lung. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between different metastatic sites and metastatic burden by the Kaplan-Meier method. Organ-specific disease control rate (OSDCR) of different individual metastatic sites was evaluated.Results::Forty NSCLC patients meeting the criteria were identified. The presence of liver metastasis was significantly associated with shorter PFS (3.1 vs. 15.5 months, P = 0.0005) and OS (11.1 months vs. not reached, P = 0.0016). Besides, patients with bone metastasis tend to get shorter PFS (4.2 vs. 15.5 months, P = 0.0532) rather than OS ( P = 0.6086). Moreover, the application of local treatment could numerically prolong PFS in patients with brain metastasis (15.5 vs. 4.3 months, P = 0.1894). More metastatic organs involved were associated with inferior PFS ( P = 0.0052) but not OS ( P = 0.0791). The presence of liver metastasis or bone metastasis was associated with more metastatic organs (Phi[φ]: 0.516, P = 0.001). The highest OSDCR was observed in lung (15/17), and the lowest in the liver (1/4). Conclusions::Metastases in different anatomical locations may be associated with different clinical outcomes and local tumor response to ICIs in NSCLC. ICIs monotherapy shows limited efficacy in patients with liver and bone metastasis, thus patients with this type of metastasis might require more aggressive combination strategies.

Hypertension is a prevalent systemic disease in the elderly, who can suffer from several pathological skeletal conditions simultaneously, including osteoporosis. Benidipine (BD), which is widely used to treat hypertension, has been proved to have a beneficial effect on bone metabolism. In order to confirm the osteogenic effects of BD, we investigated its osteogenic function using mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells in vitro. The proliferative ability of MC3T3-E1 cells was significantly associated with the concentration of BD, as measured by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell cycle assay. With BD treatment, the osteogenic differentiation and maturation of MC3T3-E1 cells were increased, as established by the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity test, matrix mineralized nodules formation, osteogenic genetic test, and protein expression analyses. Moreover, our data showed that the BMP2/Smad pathway could be the partial mechanism for the promotion of osteogenesis by BD, while BD might suppress the possible function of osteoclasts through the OPG/RANKL/RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)) pathway. The hypothesis that BD bears a considerable potential in further research on its dual therapeutic effect on hypertensive patients with poor skeletal conditions was proved within the limitations of the present study.

Objective: To explore the association between breastfeeding and the type of obesity in children and adolescents, and to provide a theoretical basis for the identification and intervention of influential factors of different types of childhood obesity. Methods: Using stratified cluster sampling method, 93 primary and secondary schools in 7 provinces and cities in China were selected for physical examination and questionnaire surveys. Totally, 30 437 primary and middle school students aged 7-17, with completed information, were selected. A multivariable Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between breastfeeding and different types of obesity. Results: The breastfeeding rate of students was 69.8%. The rates of general obesity, simple abdominal obesity, and combined obesity in the breastfeeding group were 7.1%, 3.9%, and 18.7%, the non-breastfeeding group were 7.0%, 4.7%, and 19.5%. The differences were statistically significant(χ2=14.04,P<0.01). Univariate analysis found that breastfeeding significantly reduced the risk of simple abdominal obesity in children and adolescents(OR=0.81,95%CI=0.72-0.92,P<0.01) with normal(BMI non-overweight and obesity and waist Conclusion Breastfeeding is a protective factor for children with simple abdominal obesity and combined obesity, and the rate of breastfeeding in China should be further improved.

Objective: To explore the relationship between one-child and low height level classification among children and adolescents, and the effects of fruits, vegetables and physical activities on this association, and to provide as cientific reference for probing into and improving the differences of their height level between one child and child with siblings. Methods: Using stratified cluster sampling method, 93 primary and secondary schools in 7 provinces and cities in China were selected for physical examination and questionnaire surveys. A total of 40 978 primary and middle school students aged 7-17 were selected. A multilevel Logistic regression model was used to analyze. Results: Univariate analysis found that being one-child was less likely to be classified as low height level(OR=0.63, 95%CI=0.58-0.67); the multilevel model also found that the probability that one-child being at low height level was still lower(OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.73-0.85), and daily vigorous-intensity physical activities ≥1 h (OR=0.92, 95%CI=0.85-0.99) and daily vegetables and fruits intake ≥5 servings (OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.75-0.92) could also reduce the probability of being at low height level. Hierarchical analysis found that when vegetables and fruits intake and physical activities time were sufficient, there was no longer a significant difference in the height level classification between one-child and child with siblings(P>0.05). Conclusion Being one-child could be a protective factor for the height level classification of children and adolescents. Adequate intake of vegetables and fruits and time of vigorous-intensity physical activities could fill the gap of height level classification between of being one-child and child with siblings. Effective behavioral intervention measures should be taken to protect the healthy growth of height among children and adolescences.

Plastic pollution has become a global environmental issue, making it necessary to explore the environmental disposal technology for plastic waste. Recently, we and other researchers have individually found microorganisms or enzymes from nature that can degrade synthetic plastic. These findings indicated that the capability of these microorganisms or enzymes to degrade plastic could be used for the disposal of plastic waste. Polyurethane (PUR) was one of the most used general plastic and its plastic waste occupied 30% of the total volume of different plastic waste. This review tried to provide a comprehensive summary of the researches on microbial degradation of PUR plastic in the past 70 years since its invention, and focused on the PUR-degrading fungi, bacteria, genes or enzymes, degradation products and the corresponding biological disposal technologies. We finally proposed the key scientific challenges on the development of high efficient biological disposal for PUR waste in the perspective researches.

OBJECTIVETo summarize the experience of minimally invasive treatment in 520 patients with intracranial aneurysms on a retrospective study.

METHODSThe measures used in the treatment of 520 patients were reviewed in terms of timing of surgery, induced-hypotensive anesthesia, brain protection combined with temporal occlusion of the feeding artery, external drainage of CSF, dynamic monitoring of intracranial pressure, blood flow velocity, serum osmolality and CT scanning, anti-vasospasm therapy as well as selected interventional endovascular embolization of aneurysms.

RESULTSOf the 520 patients, 485 were treated with either direct clipping or endovascular embolization and 35 patients were treated non-surgically. In 449 patients undergoing direct clipping and 36 undergoing endovascular embolization, intraoperative rupture of aneurysm occurred in 27 (6.0%) and 0%, respectively. Death occurred in 13 (2.6%), hemiplegia in 8 (1.6%), and vegetative state in 2 (0.4%). The operative mortality of direct clipping was 3.8% in 210 patients before 1990 and 1.8% in 275 patients after 1990 (36 patients undergoing endovascular embolization, the operative mortality was 0%).

CONCLUSIONThe outcome of patients with intacranial aneurysms can be markedly improved and the operative mortality can be lowered by minimally invasive treatment.

Adult ; Aneurysm, Ruptured ; mortality ; therapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; mortality ; surgery ; Intraoperative Complications ; mortality ; Male ; Microsurgery ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome