Objective: To analyze the developmental trajectories of clustered health risk behaviors and their association with self-esteem and lonelinesss among junior high school students, so as to provide a reference for formulating comprehensive prevention and control measures of health risk behaviors among adolescents. Methods: In October 2023, 1 165 first year junior high school students from two schools of Jishou City in Hunan Province were selected by convenient sampling method for three follow up surveys (T1:October 2023; T2:April 2024; T3:October 2024). The Adolescent Health Risk Behavior Questionnaire, Rosenberg Self esteem Scale and Loneliness Scale were used to assess health risk behaviors, self esteem and loneliness, respectively. Latent growth curve modeling and latent growth mixture modeling were applied to analyze the developmental trajectories of clustered health risk behaviors among junior high school students. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of the developmental trajectories of clustered health risk behaviors with self esteem and loneliness among junior high school students. Results: The overall developmental trajectories among junior high school students showed a declining trend (intercept=0.15, slope=-1.65, both P <0.05), with three heterogeneous categories:low risk improvement group ( n =862, 74.0%), moderate risk stable group ( n =260, 22.3%), and high risk deterioration group ( n =43, 3.7%). After adjusting the status of the left behind individuals，using the low risk improvement group as the reference category in multinomial Logistic regression analysis, results indicated that higher loneliness scores among junior high school students increased the risks of belonging to the moderate risk stable group ( OR=1.02, 95%CI =1.00- 1.04 ) and the high risk deterioration group ( OR=1.04, 95%CI =1.00-1.08), while higher self esteem scores reduced the risks of belonging to the moderate risk stable group ( OR=0.93, 95%CI =0.91-0.96) and the high risk deterioration group ( OR=0.88, 95%CI =0.83-0.94) (all P <0.05). Conclusions The overall trend of clustered health risk behaviors among junior high school students gradually improves, and the self esteem and loneliness are significant correlative factors. Targeted intervention measures should be developed for the junior high school students, with a focus on enhancing their self esteem and alleviating loneliness.

ObjectiveTo explore the pharmacological mechanism involved in the treatment of allergic cough （AC） by Xiaoer Huatan Zhike granules （XEHT） based on proteomics and network pharmacology. MethodsAfter sensitization by intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL suspension containing 2 mg ovalbumin （OVA） and 100 mg aluminum hydroxide， a guinea pig model of allergic cough was constructed by nebulization with 1% OVA. The modeled guinea pigs were randomized into the model， low-， medium- and high-dose （1， 5， 20 g·kg^-1， respectively） XEHT， and sodium montelukast （1 mg·kg^-1） groups （n=6）， and another 6 guinea pigs were selected as the blank group. The guinea pigs in drug administration groups were administrated with the corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank and model groups received the same volume of normal saline by gavage， 1 time·d^-1. After 10 consecutive days of drug administration， the guinea pigs were stimulated by 1% OVA nebulization， and the coughs were observed. The pathological changes in the lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the levels of C-reactive protein （CRP）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and immunoglobulin G （IgG） and immunoglobulin A （IgA） in the serum. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was employed to observe the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was employed observe the alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cell ultrastructure. Real-time PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of IL-6， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and TNF-α in the lung tissue. Label-free proteomics was used to detect the differential proteins among groups. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets of XEHT in treating AC. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed to search for the same pathways from the results of proteomics and network pharmacology. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed increased coughs （P<0.01）， elevated levels of CRP， TNF-α， IL-6， and MDA and lowered level of SOD in the BALF （P<0.05， P<0.01）， elevated levels of IgA and IgG in the serum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， congestion of the lung tissue and infiltration of inflammatory cells， increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.01）， large areas of low electron density edema in type Ⅱ epithelial cells， obvious swelling and vacuolization of the organelles， karyopyknosis or sparse and dissolved chromatin， and up-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the drug administration groups showed reduced coughs （P<0.01）， lowered levels of CRP， TNF-α， IL-6， and MDA and elevated level of SOD in the BALF （P<0.05， P<0.01）， alleviated lung tissue congestion， inflammatory cell infiltration， and type Ⅱ epithelial cell injury， and decreased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.01）. In addition， the medium-dose XEHT group and the montelukast sodium group showcased lowered serum levels of IgA and IgG （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The medium- and high-dose XEHT groups and the montelukast sodium showed down-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α and the low-dose XEHT group showed down-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Phospholipase D， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， and epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinase （ErbB） signaling pathways were the common pathways predicted by both proteomics and network pharmacology. ConclusionProteomics combined with network pharmacology reveal that XEHT can ameliorate AC by regulating the phospholipase D， mTOR， and ErbB signaling pathways.

Objective To investigate the effect of concentrated growth factor(CGF)on angiogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells(HMEC-1)and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods HMEC-1 were divided into the control group,CGF group,and CGF+LY294002 group.Cell proliferation,migration,and tubule formation abilities were measured and compared using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8),Transwell assay,and tube formation assay,respectively.The protein expression levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),phospho-protein kinase B(Akt),phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt),mam-malian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and phosphorylated mTOR(p-mTOR)were detected and compared by Western blot.Results Compared with the control group,the CGF group exhibited enhanced cell proliferation,migration,and tubule formation abilities(P＜0.05),along with increased expression levels of p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR(P＜0.05).Compared with the CGF group,the CGF+LY294002 group demonstrated reduced cell proliferation,migration,and tubule formation abilities(P＜0.05),accompanied by decreased expression levels of p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR(P＜0.05).Conclusion CGF promotes the proliferation,migration,and angiogenesis of HMEC-1 via the PI3K/mTOR/Akt pathway.

Objective:To evaluate the preventive effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on chronic pain after lumbar spine surgery.Methods:This was a secondary analysis conducted on the studies assessing the effect of TEAS on gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Fifty lumbar spinal stenosis patients of either sex, aged 50-75 yr, with a body mass index of 18.5-28.0 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status cassification Ⅰ or Ⅱ, with expected operation time≥3 h, undergoing lumbar spinal surgery under general anesthesia, were enrolled and assigned into 2 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group) and TEAS group. In group C, stimulating electrodes were placed at the non-acupoint parts of the limbs, but no electrical stimulation was applied. In group TEAS, the bilateral Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (L14), Zusanli (ST36), Shangjuxu (ST37) and Xiajuxu (ST39) were stimulated with disperse-dense waves at a frequency of 2/100 Hz. The intensity of stimulation was the maximum current that patients could tolerate. The intervention was performed once a day for 30 min per session at 30 min prior to anesthesia induction and on postoperative days 1-7. Telephone follow-ups were conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery to record the occurrence of postoperative moderate-to-severe lower back pain and leg pain (Numerical Rating Scale score ≥4), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) value and four-item neuropathic pain questionnaire scores. The pain-related medical visits and usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were also recorded after surgery. Results:Three patients in each group were lost to follow-up. Compared with group C, the incidence of chronic low back pain was significantly decreased at 6-12 months after surgery, the ODI value and four-item neuropathic pain questionnaire scores were decreased at 12 months after surgery ( P<0.05), ODI value difference reached the minimal clinically important difference, the proportion of patients requiring medical visits due to postoperative pain and usage rate of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were decreased at 6-12 months after surgery ( P<0.05), and no significant change in the incidence of chronic moderate-to-severe leg pain was found at each time period after surgery in group TEAS( P>0.05). Conclusions:TEAS can prevent the occurrence of chronic lower back pain and improve functional impairment in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-29b-3p targeting insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)on high glucose-induced injury in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells(HRMECs)and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway.Methods HRMECs were di-vided into the following groups:control group(normal culture),high glucose(HG)group(treated with 30.0 mmol·L-1 glucose for 48 h),inhibitor-NC group,miR-29b-3p inhibitor group,miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-NC group,miR-29b-3p inhib-itor+si-IGF-1 group(all transfected with corresponding plasmids for 24 h after HG treatment),and LY294002 group(treated with 40 μmol·L-1 LY294002 for 24 h).The expression level of miR-29b-3p was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay.Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were measured by immunofluorescence.The expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),superox-ide dismutase(SOD),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry.Autophagosome formation was observed under a transmission electron microscope.The protein expression levels related to apoptosis,autophagy,IGF-1,and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR path-way were examined by Western blot.The targeting relationship between miR-29b-3p and IGF-1 was verified by a dual-lucif-erase reporter assay.Results Compared with the Control group,the HG group showed significant increases in the ex-pression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;whereas the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the in-hibitor-NC group,the miR-29b-3p inhibitor group exhibited significant decreases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;while the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the num-ber of autophagosomes were significantly increased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-NC group,the miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-IGF-1 group demonstrated significant increases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;whereas the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the LY294002 group showed significant decreases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;while the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly increased(all P＜0.05).The dual-luciferase activity was significantly lower in cells co-transfected with IGF-1-WT and miR-29b-3p mimic compared to miR-NC cells(P＜0.05).Conclusion Inhibition of miR-29b-3p can target upregulation of IGF-1 expression levels,thereby inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and improving high glucose induced cell damage in HRMECs.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR-29b-3p targeting insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)on high glucose-induced injury in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells(HRMECs)and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway.Methods HRMECs were di-vided into the following groups:control group(normal culture),high glucose(HG)group(treated with 30.0 mmol·L-1 glucose for 48 h),inhibitor-NC group,miR-29b-3p inhibitor group,miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-NC group,miR-29b-3p inhib-itor+si-IGF-1 group(all transfected with corresponding plasmids for 24 h after HG treatment),and LY294002 group(treated with 40 μmol·L-1 LY294002 for 24 h).The expression level of miR-29b-3p was detected by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)assay.Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels were measured by immunofluorescence.The expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),superox-ide dismutase(SOD),and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry.Autophagosome formation was observed under a transmission electron microscope.The protein expression levels related to apoptosis,autophagy,IGF-1,and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR path-way were examined by Western blot.The targeting relationship between miR-29b-3p and IGF-1 was verified by a dual-lucif-erase reporter assay.Results Compared with the Control group,the HG group showed significant increases in the ex-pression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;whereas the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the in-hibitor-NC group,the miR-29b-3p inhibitor group exhibited significant decreases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;while the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the num-ber of autophagosomes were significantly increased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-NC group,the miR-29b-3p inhibitor+si-IGF-1 group demonstrated significant increases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;whereas the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly decreased(all P＜0.05).Compared with the HG group,the LY294002 group showed significant decreases in the expression levels of miR-29b-3p,ROS,MDA,Bax,Cleaved-caspase 3,p62,the p-PI3K/PI3K ratio,the p-Akt/Akt ratio,the p-mTOR/mTOR ratio,and the cell apoptosis rate;while the expression levels of IGF-1,SOD,GSH-Px,the LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ ratio,cell viability,and the number of autophagosomes were significantly increased(all P＜0.05).The dual-luciferase activity was significantly lower in cells co-transfected with IGF-1-WT and miR-29b-3p mimic compared to miR-NC cells(P＜0.05).Conclusion Inhibition of miR-29b-3p can target upregulation of IGF-1 expression levels,thereby inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and improving high glucose induced cell damage in HRMECs.

Objective:To evaluate the preventive effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on chronic pain after lumbar spine surgery.Methods:This was a secondary analysis conducted on the studies assessing the effect of TEAS on gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Fifty lumbar spinal stenosis patients of either sex, aged 50-75 yr, with a body mass index of 18.5-28.0 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status cassification Ⅰ or Ⅱ, with expected operation time≥3 h, undergoing lumbar spinal surgery under general anesthesia, were enrolled and assigned into 2 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group) and TEAS group. In group C, stimulating electrodes were placed at the non-acupoint parts of the limbs, but no electrical stimulation was applied. In group TEAS, the bilateral Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (L14), Zusanli (ST36), Shangjuxu (ST37) and Xiajuxu (ST39) were stimulated with disperse-dense waves at a frequency of 2/100 Hz. The intensity of stimulation was the maximum current that patients could tolerate. The intervention was performed once a day for 30 min per session at 30 min prior to anesthesia induction and on postoperative days 1-7. Telephone follow-ups were conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery to record the occurrence of postoperative moderate-to-severe lower back pain and leg pain (Numerical Rating Scale score ≥4), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) value and four-item neuropathic pain questionnaire scores. The pain-related medical visits and usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were also recorded after surgery. Results:Three patients in each group were lost to follow-up. Compared with group C, the incidence of chronic low back pain was significantly decreased at 6-12 months after surgery, the ODI value and four-item neuropathic pain questionnaire scores were decreased at 12 months after surgery ( P<0.05), ODI value difference reached the minimal clinically important difference, the proportion of patients requiring medical visits due to postoperative pain and usage rate of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were decreased at 6-12 months after surgery ( P<0.05), and no significant change in the incidence of chronic moderate-to-severe leg pain was found at each time period after surgery in group TEAS( P>0.05). Conclusions:TEAS can prevent the occurrence of chronic lower back pain and improve functional impairment in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery.

Hiatt-Neu-Cooper neurodevelopmental syndrome(HINCONS),a rare neurodevelopmental disorder closely associated with a heterozygous mutation in the RALA gene on 7p14,is characterized by prominent in-tellectual disability or global developmental delay.Currently,no effective treatment options are available for this dis-ease.This article reports a case of HINCONS presenting with global developmental delay,particularly in language and motor development,along with decreased muscle tone,short stature,distinctive facial features,and congenital ventricular septal defect.No significant abnormalities were found in laboratory biochemical tests.Head MRI revealed enlarged ventricles and increased space in the subarachnoid and convexity regions.Trio-based whole exome sequen-cing testing identified a novel variant RALA gene c.475(exon4)A＞G(p.K159E)in the affected child.In this study,we performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of 12 reported cases of HINCONS from the litera-ture,with the aim of providing a reference for the clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling of HINCONS.

Objective To explore the nutritional efficacy of compound protein powder formulations from different sources. Methods Three groups of compound protein powder formulations were obtained through scientific blending using soy protein, whey protein and yeast protein as raw materials. The effects of the compound protein powders on nitrogen metabolism, serum biochemical indicators, and pathological changes of liver tissue and epididymal fat in rats were evaluated. Results Compared with the control (casein), the net protein utilization, biological evaluation, and protein efficacy ratio of the compound protein powders in rats were significantly improved, and the changes in these indicators in the formula with the highest whey protein content were most significant among all three formulas. The compound protein powders effectively increased the levels of albumin and globulin, while decreased the content of total cholesterol, indicating beneficial effects on improving immunity and controlling lipid metabolism, with the formula group 2 being the most effective among all three groups. The pathological examination showed that the three groups of protein powder did not have adverse effects on liver tissue and epididymal fat. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the compound protein powder formulation has nutritional value, which suggests a potential of the application of the compound protein powder formulation in the elderly, and people with special nutritional needs, such as sports people.

With the wide application of artemisinin and its derivatives,its safety has become particularly important.Previous studies have shown that artemisinin and its derivatives have adverse reactions such as nausea,vomiting and diarrhea in clinical use,but they are all within the controllable range.In animal experiments,it has toxic effects on kidney,liver,heart,nerve,blood,embryo and DNA at a high dose.Toxicity and adverse reactions can be alleviated or eliminated by combining medication or changing the drug administration mode,solvent and preparation type.This article mainly discusses the drug safety,toxicity mechanism and attenuation countermeasures of artemisinin and its derivatives,in order to improve the understanding of the potential toxicity of artemisinin and its derivatives and provide reference for the safe use of the drug in clinic.