Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide and has drawn extensive research attention.Owing to its molecular heterogeneity,drug resistance,and low therapeutic response,single-modality treatments often fail to achieve satisfactory efficacy or broad applicability.Combination therapy,designed based on the pathophysiological characteristics,related signaling pathways,and biomarkers of breast cancer,has emerged as a promising approach for improving therapeutic outcomes.With the advancement of research on combination strategies,the understanding of their molecular mechanisms—particularly key signaling pathways and biomarkers—has become increasingly important.However,comprehensive reviews addressing these molecular mechanisms and synergistic strategies remain scarce.This article summarizes recent advances in combination therapy for breast cancer,providing a comprehensive review of recent combination therapies for breast cancer and their underlying molecular mechanisms,and focusing on key signaling pathways involved in combination therapy and synergistic strategies,thereby providing theoretical insights and reference for researchers,graduate students,and clinicians engaged in the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies for breast cancer and related malignancies.

Objective:To analyze the psychometric properties of the short-form Extended Barthel Index (EBI) in assessing ability in the activities of daily living (ADL).Methods:Data describing 295 discharged patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury were collected retrospectively, including their demographics, diagnoses, and functional assessments (EBI, FIM, MBI and MoCA). Then, data on 120 of them were used to construct short-form EBI models based on item-total advantage indices, while the remaining 175 patients served as a validation set to evaluate the acceptability, responsiveness, reliability, validity, and outcome consistency of the models. The optimal model was selected as the recommended short-form EBI.Results:The short-form EBI comprises seven items: personal hygiene, dressing/undressing, wheelchair-bed transfer, walking, social interaction during walking, problem-solving, and memory/learning/orientation, with each item scored 0-4 (total range: 0-28). The short-form EBI demonstrated good acceptability, with median and mean scores near the scale′s midpoint and no significant ceiling or floor effects. Its responsiveness (d=0.19) surpassed that of the original EBI (d=0.14). Moreover, the short-form EBI showed excellent reliability (Cronbach′s α=0.885; SEM=9.11) and validity, explaining 95.4% of the variance in EBI scores (adj. R 2=0.954). Concurrent validity with the EBI was strong (ρ=0.975, P≤0.001), and criterion validity with ρ=0.956 for FIM, 0.889 for MBI, and 0.806 for MoCA. The short-form and the original EBI exhibited good agreement [ICC=0.967 (95% CI: 0.769-0.989); score difference: 6.48±6.56]. Conclusions:The short-form EBI demonstrates excellent acceptability, responsiveness, reliability, validity, and outcome consistency, making it a practical tool for ADL assessment in cases of stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Objective To investigate the decolorization performance and key influencing factors of a novel low temperature plasma(LTP)on crystal violet(CV)simulated wastewater.Methods In this experiment,CV was used as the target pollutant and treated with LTP generated by argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet;the absorbance(A590)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)of CV solution were systematically evaluated before and after LTP treatment by adjusting the treatment volume,initial pH value,NaCl concentration,addition of Fe 2+and other parameters.The dynamic changes of active particles in the liquid were monitored.Results Compared with those of the control group,the A590 and COD values of LTP treatment groups were significantly reduced(P＜0.05).At the treatment time of 180 s,the decolorization rate and COD removal rate of CV solution reached 62.34％and 50.22％,respectively.Under the same treatment time(＞90 s),the A590 values in the 0.1 mol/L NaCl group,pH=9 or 11 group,and Fe2+group were lower than those in LTP-only treatment group,but the A590 values in the n-butanol group were higher(P＜0.05).The A590 values in 2 mL or 3 mL group were higher than those in 1 mL group(P＜0.05).Compared with CV solution treated with LTP,the H2O2 content in the activated water was higher while the NO3content was significantly lower than those in CV solutions(P＜0.05).Conclusion LTP has an efficient decolorization ability for CV solution.The decolorization of CV solution could be promoted by NaCl addition,Fe2+inclusion or high pH values,but was inhibited by the increase in treatment volume or the addition of n-butanol.The?OH and H2O2 generated by LTP played a key role in the decolorization process.

Objective To compare the induction effects of direct treatment with low-temperature plasma(LTP)and treatment with plasma-activated medium(PAM)on immunogenic cell death(ICD)of melanoma cells.Methods After direct treatment of melanoma cell line B16F10 with LTP and treatment of it with PAM for 24 hours,cell viability was detected by MTT assay.Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and the expression of calreticulin(CRT)on the cell surface.The adenosine triphosphate(ATP)content in the culture medium was detected by an ATP detection kit.The content of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1)in the cell culture medium was detected by ELISA.B16F10 cells treated with LTP were co-cultured with immature dendritic cells(DC)DC2.4 cell line,and flow cytometry was used to detect DC surface molecules CD80 and CD86.Results Compared with the control group,both direct treatment and indirect treatment could lead to a decrease in the viability of B16F10 cells,an increase in the apoptosis rate,an increase in intracellular ROS,an increase in CRT expression,and an increase in the secretion of ATP and HMGB1(P＜0.05).At the same treatment time,the expression of CRT and the release of ATP in B16F10 cells directly treated with LTP were higher than those indirectly treated with PAM(P＜0.05).Compared with the DC2.4 group,the expression proportion of the DC cell maturation marker molecule CD80 was significantly increased in LTP-120s group,LTP-180s group,PAM-120s group,and PAM-180s group.The expression proportion of the DC cell maturation marker molecule CD86 was significantly increased in LTP-120s group,LTP-180s group,and PAM-180s group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion Both direct treatment with LTP and indirect treatment with PAM can induce ICD in melanoma cells.The direct treatment with LTP has a better induction effect.

Aim To study the diastolic effect and mechanism of farrerol on isolated pulmonary arteries of C57BL/6J mice.Methods After anesthesia,mouse lung tissue was quickly removed and placed into the 4 ℃ K-H buffer,pulmonary arteries were isolated under the microscope and cut into 2 mm long vascular rings for spare use.(1)The effect of farrerol on the resting tension of isolated mouse pulmonary arteries:in the resting state,the active mouse pul-monary artery rings were treated with different concentrations of farrerol(10-6,3×10-6,10-5,3×10-5 and 10-4 mol/L).(2)Farrerol relaxed mouse pulmonary artery experiment:pulmonary arteries were contracted using phenylephrine(PE,1 μmol/L)or KCl(60 mmol/L),and when the contraction reached the platform,different concentrations of farrerol(10-6,3×10-6,10-5,3×10-5 and 10-4 mol/L)was added.(3)Farrerol inhibited pulmonary artery contraction experi-ment:under conditions with or without the addition of farrerol,pulmonary arteries were contracted using different concen-trations of PE(10-9,3×10-9,10-8,3 × 10-8,10-7,3×10-7 and 10-6 mol/L)or KCl(20,30,40,60,80 and 120 mmol/L),and the pulmonary artery muscle tension was recorded.(4)Calcium free and recalcification experiments:under conditions with or without the addition of farrerol,the changes of isolated mouse pulmonary artery tension were meas-ured in the state of calcium free or recalcification { 2.5 mmol/L[Ca2+]ex }.(5)The relationship between farrerol in-duced relaxation of isolated mouse pulmonary arteries and potassium ion channels:firstly,60 mmol/L KCl solution was used to contract the mouse pulmonary arteries until the platform.Then,3 mmol/L aminopyridine(4-AP),2 mmol/L tet-raethylammonium(TEA),30 μmol/L BaCl2,and 10 μmol/L glibenclamide(Gli)were added and treated for 15 min.Subsequently,the pulmonary arteries were relaxed using a concentration gradient of farrerol.Results Farrerol had no significant effect on the mouse pulmonary arteries in the resting state,but had a concentration-dependent relaxing effect on the mouse pulmonary arteries pre-contracted with PE and KCl.While the pretreatment of 3×10-5 mol/L farrerol could sig-nificantly reduce the maximum contraction of mouse pulmonary arteries induced by PE and KCl(P＜0.01),as well as sig-nificantly reduce the contraction of mouse pulmonary arteries induced by KCl under calcium free or recalcification conditions(P＜0.01).Addition of the voltage-dependent potassium ion channel blocker 4-AP significantly reduced the maximum diastolic rate of mouse pulmonary arteries induced by farrerol(P＜0.01),while addition of the high conductivity calcium activated potassium ion channel blocker TEA,inward rectifying potassium ion channel blocker BaCl2,or ATP sensitive po-tassium ion channel blocker Gli had no significant effect on the vasodilation effect of farrerol(P＞0.05).Conclusion Farrerol has a relaxing effect on isolated mouse pulmonary arteries,and its mechanism may be related to open voltage-de-pendent potassium ion channels.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide and has drawn extensive research attention.Owing to its molecular heterogeneity,drug resistance,and low therapeutic response,single-modality treatments often fail to achieve satisfactory efficacy or broad applicability.Combination therapy,designed based on the pathophysiological characteristics,related signaling pathways,and biomarkers of breast cancer,has emerged as a promising approach for improving therapeutic outcomes.With the advancement of research on combination strategies,the understanding of their molecular mechanisms—particularly key signaling pathways and biomarkers—has become increasingly important.However,comprehensive reviews addressing these molecular mechanisms and synergistic strategies remain scarce.This article summarizes recent advances in combination therapy for breast cancer,providing a comprehensive review of recent combination therapies for breast cancer and their underlying molecular mechanisms,and focusing on key signaling pathways involved in combination therapy and synergistic strategies,thereby providing theoretical insights and reference for researchers,graduate students,and clinicians engaged in the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies for breast cancer and related malignancies.

Objective:To analyze the psychometric properties of the short-form Extended Barthel Index (EBI) in assessing ability in the activities of daily living (ADL).Methods:Data describing 295 discharged patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury were collected retrospectively, including their demographics, diagnoses, and functional assessments (EBI, FIM, MBI and MoCA). Then, data on 120 of them were used to construct short-form EBI models based on item-total advantage indices, while the remaining 175 patients served as a validation set to evaluate the acceptability, responsiveness, reliability, validity, and outcome consistency of the models. The optimal model was selected as the recommended short-form EBI.Results:The short-form EBI comprises seven items: personal hygiene, dressing/undressing, wheelchair-bed transfer, walking, social interaction during walking, problem-solving, and memory/learning/orientation, with each item scored 0-4 (total range: 0-28). The short-form EBI demonstrated good acceptability, with median and mean scores near the scale′s midpoint and no significant ceiling or floor effects. Its responsiveness (d=0.19) surpassed that of the original EBI (d=0.14). Moreover, the short-form EBI showed excellent reliability (Cronbach′s α=0.885; SEM=9.11) and validity, explaining 95.4% of the variance in EBI scores (adj. R 2=0.954). Concurrent validity with the EBI was strong (ρ=0.975, P≤0.001), and criterion validity with ρ=0.956 for FIM, 0.889 for MBI, and 0.806 for MoCA. The short-form and the original EBI exhibited good agreement [ICC=0.967 (95% CI: 0.769-0.989); score difference: 6.48±6.56]. Conclusions:The short-form EBI demonstrates excellent acceptability, responsiveness, reliability, validity, and outcome consistency, making it a practical tool for ADL assessment in cases of stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Objective:To compare the dosimetric differences between volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT)and helical tomotherapy(HT)in undergoing protective plan for pelvic bones of patients with cervical cancer.Methods:A total of 40 patients with cervical cancer,who underwent radiotherapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University from January 2023 to February 2024,were selected for this study.The target volumes and organs at risk(OARs)were delineated after the information of computed tomography(CT)simulation images were acquired from each patient.The pelvic bone was alone delineated as OAR.Two kinds of bone marrow dose-limiting radiotherapy plans,coplanar dual-arc VMAT and HT,were respectively designed for each patient by using the treatment planning system(TPS)of radiotherapy.A statistical analysis was conducted to compare the dose parameters of target volume,conformity,homogeneity,OAR dose-volume,mean dose,and maximum dose of point between the two kinds of plans.Results:Both the VMAT and HT plans could meet the requirements of target volume and OARs for dose.For general OARs,the dose-volume percentage(V40 Gy)of V40 Gy at bladder,mean dose(Dmean),rectal V40 Gy,maximum dose(Dmax)at small intestine point of HT plan were respectively(38.97±2.29)%,(38.06±0.45)Gy,(61.50±2.51)%and(50.82±0.36)Gy.The differences of them between HT plan and VMAT plan were statistically significant(t=25.46,13.99,1.56,10.93,P<0.05).The V10 Gy,V20 Gy,V30 Gy and Dmean of VMAT plan were respectively(70.76±2.51)%,(60.84±3.29)%,(52.40±2.56)%and(32.02±4.33)Gy for pelvic bones,which were significantly lower than those of HT plan,and the differences of them between two kinds of plans were also statistically significant(t=-20.68,-13.23,-7.73,-10.26,P<0.05).Conclusion:The HT plan can provide the optimal dose distribution for target region in radiotherapy for patients with cervical cancer,which can better protect OAR nearby target region.VMAT plan has a significant advantage in low-dose regions of protecting pelvis.Thus,individualized treatment design should be conducted according to the conditions of each patient in clinical treatment.

Gliomas, especially high-grade gliomas such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by high proliferative capacity, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. The development of GBM relies heavily on continuous metabolic reprogramming to adapt to the unique intracranial microenvironment, with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) metabolic remodeling playing a pivotal role. Dysregulation of NAD⁺ and its associated metabolic pathways sustains increased intracellular NAD⁺ levels, which drive the malignant proliferation and invasive potential of GBM, correlating with worsened patient prognosis. This review systematically summarizes the current research landscape of NAD⁺ metabolic remodeling in GBM, elucidates the mechanisms by which NAD⁺ contributes to GBM pathogenesis and progression, and explores the clinical potential of NAD⁺-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to provide novel insights and directions for the clinical management of GBM.

Objective To investigate the decolorization performance and key influencing factors of a novel low temperature plasma(LTP)on crystal violet(CV)simulated wastewater.Methods In this experiment,CV was used as the target pollutant and treated with LTP generated by argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet;the absorbance(A590)and chemical oxygen demand(COD)of CV solution were systematically evaluated before and after LTP treatment by adjusting the treatment volume,initial pH value,NaCl concentration,addition of Fe 2+and other parameters.The dynamic changes of active particles in the liquid were monitored.Results Compared with those of the control group,the A590 and COD values of LTP treatment groups were significantly reduced(P＜0.05).At the treatment time of 180 s,the decolorization rate and COD removal rate of CV solution reached 62.34％and 50.22％,respectively.Under the same treatment time(＞90 s),the A590 values in the 0.1 mol/L NaCl group,pH=9 or 11 group,and Fe2+group were lower than those in LTP-only treatment group,but the A590 values in the n-butanol group were higher(P＜0.05).The A590 values in 2 mL or 3 mL group were higher than those in 1 mL group(P＜0.05).Compared with CV solution treated with LTP,the H2O2 content in the activated water was higher while the NO3content was significantly lower than those in CV solutions(P＜0.05).Conclusion LTP has an efficient decolorization ability for CV solution.The decolorization of CV solution could be promoted by NaCl addition,Fe2+inclusion or high pH values,but was inhibited by the increase in treatment volume or the addition of n-butanol.The?OH and H2O2 generated by LTP played a key role in the decolorization process.