Objective: To assess the current status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding health protection against air pollution among primary school students in China, and to analyze the impacts of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) exposure, family, and individual factors on KAP levels, so as to provide empirical basis for implementing targeted interventions. Methods: Using stratified cluster random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among 19 297 primary school students from third to fifth grade across 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China in 2024. The questionnaire was developed based on the Technical Guidelines for the Assessment of Civic Environmental and Health Literacy (Trial), and encompasses three dimensions:knowledge, attitude, and practice. Spearman correlation analysis, Chi-square test, multivariate Logistic regression, and Bootstrap mediation effect test was applied for data analysis. Results: The overall mean KAP score for health protection against air pollution among primary school students was (79.73±13.53), with an adequacy rate of 80.47% ( n =15 528). The dimension scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice were (41.34±8.01, 16.43± 2.61 ), and (21.97±5.71), respectively. Knowledge was positively correlated with attitude and practice, and attitude was positively correlated with practice ( r =0.51, 0.35, 0.32, all P <0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that the northeast region ( OR =2.36, 95% CI =2.02-2.75), having parents with a bachelor s degree or higher ( OR =4.76, 95% CI =2.71-8.37), living with both parents ( OR =1.33, 95% CI =1.15-1.55), being in the fifth grade ( OR =1.22, 95% CI =1.11-1.33), outdoor PM 2.5 level exceeding standard limits at the survey site ( OR =1.25, 95% CI =1.16-1.34), history of allergy ( OR =1.47, 95% CI =1.31-1.64), and wearing masks during heavily polluted weather ( OR =1.19, 95% CI =1.07-1.31) were promoting factors for KAP adequacy rate (all P <0.05). Conversely, obesity was a detrimental factor ( OR =0.78, 95% CI =0.69-0.88, all P <0.05). Conclusions Primary school students in China exhibit a favorable KAP level regarding health protection against air pollution, though regional, familial, and individual disparities persist. Exposure to PM 2.5 levels exceeding standard limits exerts a direct positive effect on enhancing health protection literacy. Future efforts should focus on the western region, families with lower educational attainment children to implement tailored, stratified interventions.

The view of"inferior practitioner guarding the gate while the superior practitioner keeping the trigger"during the clinical practive was recorded in in Huang Di Nei Jing(Huangdi's Cannon of Medicine).This paper probes into the diagnosis and treatment of bi-syndrome from the perspecitve of"guarding the gate"and"keeping the trigger".It is proposed that the lesion of five body constituents(i.e.,skin,vessel,muscle,tendon,and bone)constitutes the injured"gate"of bi-syndrome,and the disharmony of qi and blood constitutes the"trigger"of the onset of bi-syndrome.The location of lesions will be found through examining the gate,and the state of qi and blood will be confirmed after checking the trigger.For the treatment of bi-syndrome,"guarding the gate"is to enable the normality of five body constituents,and"keeping the trigger"is to maintain the abundance and harmony movement of qi and blood,which cover the consideration of focal lesions and the regulation of holistic qi and blood."Guarding the gate"is as important as"keeping the trigger",and the two are interrelated.Only by carefully examining the gate of the lesions and strictly checking the trigger of qi-blood movement,it is possible to identify the deficiency of healthy qi and the excess of the pathogens,the nature of the pathogens and the severity of illness of bi-syndrome,and then the corresponding therapeutic methods can be performed to achieve the efficacy.The view of"guarding the gate"and"keeping the trigger"expands the clinical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of bi-syndrome.

Objective To explore the effectiveness of applying 3N linked care model among care-givers of leukemia patients.Methods A total of 96 caregivers of acute leukemia patients were select-ed and randomly divided into observation groupand control group using a random lottery method,with 48 caregivers in each group.The observation group received the 3N linked care model,while the con-trol group received routine care.Psychological resilience,caregiving burden,and nursing outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results After intervention,the total score on the Connor Da-vidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC)in the observation group was higher than that in the control group[(105.23±6.24)versus(91.20±5.06),P＜0.05].After intervention,the proportion of caregiv-ers with no burden in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group,while the proportions of mild,moderate,and severe burdens were significantly lower(P＜0.05).The total nursing outcome score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group[(28.54±2.36)versus(21.05±1.42),P＜0.05].Conclusion The application of 3N linked care model a-mong caregivers of leukemia patients helps improve caregivers'levels of psychological resilience,re-duce their caregiving burden,and enhance nursing outcomes.

Bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that plays critical roles in energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion. Recent structural studies have elucidated BRS3 signaling mechanisms using synthetic ligands, including BA1 and MK-5046. However, the molecular basis of BRS3 activation by bioactive natural compounds and their derivatives, particularly those derived from traditional Chinese medicine, remains unclear. Here, we present high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human BRS3-G_q complex in both unliganded and active states bound by two herb-derived compounds (DSO-5a and oridonin), at resolutions of 2.9, 2.8, and 2.9 Å, respectively. These structures display distinct ligand recognition patterns between DSO-5a and oridonin. Although both compounds bind to the orthosteric pocket, they differentially engage the interaction network of BRS3, as demonstrated by mutagenesis studies assessing calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate 1 (IP1) accumulation. These findings enhance our understanding of BRS3 activation and provide valuable insights into the development of small-molecule BRS3 modulators with therapeutic potential.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the targeting effect of folic acid-modified crebanine nanoparticles （FA-Cre@PEG- PLGA NPs， hereinafter referred to as “NPs”） combined with ultrasound irradiation on M109 cells in vitro and in vivo after administration， and explore the anti-tumor mechanism. METHODS CCK-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation on the proliferation of M109 cells， and the best ultrasound time was selected. Using human lung cancer A549 cells as a control， the targeting of NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation to M109 cells was evaluated by free folic acid blocking assay and cell uptake assay. The effects of NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation on the migration， invasion， apoptosis， cell cycle and reactive oxygen species （ROS） levels of M109 cells were detected by cell scratch test， Transwell chamber test and flow cytometry at 1 h after 958401536@qq.com administration； the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP） were observed by fluorescence inverted microscope. A mouse subcutaneous tumor model of M109 cells was constructed， and the in vivo tumor targeting of NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation was investigated by small animal in vivo imaging technology. RESULTS NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation could significantly inhibit the proliferation of M109 cells， and the optimal ultrasound time was 1 h after administration. The free folic acid could antagonize the inhibitory effect of NPs on the proliferation of M109 cells， and combined with ultrasound irradiation could partially reverse this antagonism. Compared with A549 cells， the uptake rate of NPs in M109 cells was significantly higher （P＜0.01）， and ultrasound irradiation could promote cellular uptake. NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation could inhibit the migration and invasion of M109 cells and block the cell cycle in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases. Compared with control group， the apoptosis rate of M109 cells and ROS level were increased significantly （P＜0.01）， while the MMP decreased significantly （P＜0.01） in the different concentration （100， 200， 300 μg/mL） groups of M109 cells. Compared with the mice in non-ultrasound group， the fluorescence intensity and tumor-targeting index of the tumor site in the 0 h ultrasound group were significantly enhanced （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS NPs combined with ultrasound irradiation have a strong targeting effect on M109 cells in vitro and in vivo， the anti-tumor mechanism includes inhibiting cell migration and invasion， blocking cell cycle， and inducing apoptosis.

In recent years, China has been facing the dual challenges of declining fertility rates and births, with male reproductive health issues, especially the decline in semen quality, identified as a pivotal contributor to this phenomenon. Meanwhile, accumulating evidence indicates that air pollutants, an increasingly severe environmental problem, can damage semen quality not only directly through their biological toxicity but also indirectly by disrupting the composition of microbial communities in the gut and semen, thereby dysregulating immune function, endocrine homeostasis, and oxidative stress responses. The gut microbiota and semen microbiota, as important components of the human microecosystem, play crucial roles in maintaining reproductive health. This article comprehensively reviewed the research progress on the potential effects of air pollutants (particulate matter and gaseous pollutants), gut microbiota, and semen microbiota on semen quality. Specifically, it elucidated the mechanisms of interaction between these factors and explored how they affect male fertility.

Objective To investigate the entrance surface dose (ESD) of dental radiological diagnosis and treatment devices in Nanping City of Fujian Province, China, assess the radiation risk differences between cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and conventional oral panoramic tomography (COPT), and compare the output dose levels between domestic and imported devices and between public and private medical institutions, and to provide evidence for optimizing radiation protection strategies. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 38 extraoral dental X-ray devices from 38 dental institutions in Nanping City. Measurements of ESD for different exposure types (adult/child COPT and CBCT) were performed using an adult head-and-neck phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters. A statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) was applied to compare dose differences by device type and institution type. Results The median tooth-region doses for adult/child CBCT (8.97/6.80 mGy) were significantly higher than those of adult/child COPT (0.33/0.24 mGy), with the 75th percentile values (12.44/8.18 mGy) exceeding the national guideline level of 7 mGy. Domestically manufactured devices demonstrated higher median doses and greater dose variability compared to imported devices (P < 0.05). Private institutions exhibited inferior dose control stability relative to public institutions (P < 0.001). CBCT delivered substantially higher radiation exposure to the thyroid and ocular lenses, with child lens dose reaching 5.9 times that of COPT. Conclusion Dental CBCT radiation doses in Nanping City exceed the guideline level. Enhanced protection for sensitive organs, restriction of unnecessary pediatric examinations, technological upgrades for domestic devices, and strengthened regulation and operational standardization of private institutions are critical to achieve precise radiation protection and improved medical quality.

The defocus curve, which quantifies visual performance under various defocus states to accurately evaluate the eye's ability to achieve clear vision across a continuous range of distances, is a vital tool for assessing visual quality. With the aging population and improved quality of life driving a significant increase in the demand for presbyopia correction, the application of the defocus curve has continually expanded in ophthalmic clinical practice, particularly in the perioperative period of presbyopia-correcting corneal refractive surgery and refractive cataract surgery, where it aids in personalized surgical planning and proves valuable for patient education and postoperative visual quality assessment. This article systematically reviews the examination methodology, influencing factors, analytical approaches, and recent clinical advancements of defocus curves, focusing on the potential impact of variables such as pupil diameter, contrast sensitivity, and chart selection on results; it further discusses current limitations including lack of standardization and insufficient assessment of dynamic visual performance, and proposes future research directions based on the latest literature. The aim is to provide valuable insights for researchers and clinicians, promote the standardized and normative application of defocus curves, and ultimately enhance the overall efficacy of presbyopia correction and patients' quality of visual life.

Objective:To establish 30-day of age transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) reference curves for healthy neonates, and to investigate regional variations in bilirubin dynamics.Methods:A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted. A total of 220 950 healthy neonates born at a gestational age of 35-<42 weeks, with a birth weight ≥2 000 g, who did not receive phototherapy within 60 h after birth were recruited. All of them underwent remote TcB monitoring using the Bilibaby remote jaundice monitoring system between August 1 st, 2020 and December 31 st, 2024 in 426 hospitals. TcB data were collected within the period from birth to 30-day of age. The P40, P75, and P95 of TcB values were calculated, and dynamic TcB curves for 30-day of age were constructed. Patterns of bilirubin change, rates of change, and transition outcomes were described. Regional comparisons between South and North were conducted using linear mixed-effects models for TcB trajectories and Pearson′s chi-square test for outcome differences. Results:A total of 220 950 neonates were included, of whom 101 711 (46.03%) were female. Gestational age at birth was (38.75±1.12) weeks, and birth weight was (3 272±417) g. TcB levels increased rapidly within 3-day of age, peaked at 4-6-day of age, with peak values at P40, P75, and P95 of 200.6, 239.7 and 275.4 μmol/L (11.8, 14.1 and 16.2 mg/dl), respectively. TcB levels gradually declined thereafter and stabilized after 13-day of age, with values at P40, P75, and P95 fluctuating between 147.9-159.8, 190.4-200.6, and 231.2-239.7 μmol/L (8.7-9.4, 11.2-11.8, 13.6-14.1 mg/dl), respectively. Notably, among neonates categorized as low-or low-intermediate-risk within 3-day of age, 6 700 (12.76%) progressed to intermediate-high or high risk between 4 and 30 days of age. Before 13-day of age, TcB levels in the southern regions were consistently higher than those in the northern regions ( P=0.039); from 14 to 30 days of age, the overall TcB levels had no statistically difference, but the temporal changes in TcB still showed regional differences (degrees of freedom=3, all interaction P<0.05). Among neonates classified as low-or low-intermediate risk within 3-day of age, 25 326 were from southern regions, of whom 4 254 (16.80%) progressed to intermediate-high or high risk between 4 and 30 days of age. In northern regions, 27 193 neonates were classified as low-or low-intermediate risk within 3-day of age, among whom 2 446 (8.99%) progressed to intermediate-high or high risk. The risk progression between the 2 regions had statistically difference ( χ2=716.49, P<0.001). Conclusions:A TcB percentile curve for neonates within 30-day of age was established, revealing that both the overall TcB level and its temporal trend were higher in southern than in northern newborns. These findings provide baseline data to support continuous management of neonatal jaundice.

Objective:To evaluate the performance of three mainstream large language models (LLMs) in the review of drug reimbursement indications in hospitals, and to explore their potential in improving audit quality and efficiency, thereby safeguarding the medical insurance fund.Methods:A total of 3 247 outpatient prescription records were retrospectively collected from a specialized oncology hospital between January 2, 2022, and June 30, 2023. Manual assessment of the consistency between clinical diagnoses and drug reimbursement indications was used as the gold standard. Three LLMs, Baidu′s ERNIE Bot, Alibaba′s Tongyi Qianwen, and OpenAI′s ChatGPT-4o, were evaluated on the same task. Performance metrics included accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC).Results:The ERNIE Bot model returned 3 242 valid data, which took 314 min; The Tongyi Qianwen model returned a total of 3 162 valid data, taking 384 min; The ChatGPT-4o model returned a total of 3 218 valid data, taking 150 min. ChatGPT-4o demonstrated the best performance, with an accuracy of 88.41%, precision of 60.48%, sensitivity of 78.75%, specificity of 90.24%, F1 score of 0.68, and an AUC of 0.88.Conclusions:LLMs demonstrate stable performance in determining whether prescriptions align with reimbursement indications, with ChatGPT-4o approaching human-level accuracy and exhibiting more conservative specificity. These findings suggest that LLMs have practical value as auxiliary tools in drug indication reviews, contributing to improved audit efficiency and more refined management of medical insurance funds.