This paper has constructed a traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） specialized disease dataset platform for mixed hemorrhoids based on a multimodal large model， and the preliminary application has been validated. The platform uses StarRocks to establish a four-level data warehouse system， enabling the aggregation， cleaning， and standardization of multi-source heterogeneous data. Using DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-7B as the base model， domain fine-tuning is performed through low-rank adaptation （LoRA） technology. Combined with LLaMA-3.3 natural language processing and reasoning chain techniques， the platform enables intelligent parsing and structured extraction of unstructured TCM medical records. It accurately identifies six major categories and 28 subcategories of entities， including symptoms and syndromes， with a fine-tuned model F1 score of 93.8%. The platform has established a high-quality specialized disease dataset containing more than 50,000 medical records and has been applied in a real-world study involving 17,831 patients， preliminarily verifying the efficacy of TCM heritage surgery.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and prognosis of surgical patients with traumatic epidural hematoma straddling the transverse sinus (TEHSTS).Methods:Clinical data of 4 360 patients with epidural hematoma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology from January 2010 to April 2024 were collected. Among them, 109 cases (2.5%) were diagnosed with TEHSTS. Based on the rapid progression criteria for posterior fossa epidural hematoma [sudden deterioration of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score within hours (a decrease of ≥1 point in the best motor response and/or a decrease of ≥2 points in GCS score), and progressive enlargement of TEHSTS on repeat CT scan], the timing and method of surgery were determined. Two surgical approaches were compared: combined supratentorial and infratentorial craniotomy (craniotomy group) and modified supratentorial burr-hole drainage (burr-hole group). Clinical data, surgical timing, surgical outcomes, and prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results:There were 57 cases (52.3%) in the craniotomy group and 52 cases (47.7%) in the modified burr-hole group. The proportion of patients presenting with vomiting upon admission was higher in the craniotomy group than in the burr-hole group [77.2%(44/57) vs 59.6%(31/52), P=0.048], and the proportion of patients with linear occipital fractures on CT was also higher in the craniotomy group [91.2%(52/57) vs 75.0%(39/52), P=0.023]. No significant differences were observed in other admission symptoms or CT findings between the two groups (all P>0.05). The GCS score upon admission was significantly lower in the craniotomy group [(11.0±1.0)points] than in the modified burr-hole group [(13.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05). Four cases in the burr-hole group developed delayed hematomas, including two cases of bilateral delayed epidural hematomas. The preoperative GCS score in the craniotomy group [(9.0±0.5)points] was significantly lower than upon admission [(11.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05), and the surgical timing was (6.5±1.5)hours after injury. The preoperative GCS score in the burr-hole group [(11.5±0.5)points] was also significantly lower than upon admission [(13.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05), with surgical timing at (19.5±5.5)hours after injury. Preoperative CT scans showed no significant difference in hematoma volume between the burr-hole group [(35.5±7.5)ml] and the craniotomy group [(36.5±9.5)ml] ( P>0.05). The preoperative GCS score was significantly lower in the craniotomy group than in the burr-hole group ( P<0.05). The GCS scores at 24 hours postoperatively were significantly improved compared to preoperative scores in both groups (all P<0.05). The burr-hole group had significantly shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and shorter hospital stay than the craniotomy group (all P<0.01). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection was lower in the burr-hole group than in the craniotomy group ( P<0.05). At 3-month follow-up, the rate of good recovery [Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score≥4 points] was significantly higher in the burr-hole group (98.1%) than in the craniotomy group (93.0%) ( P<0.01). Conclusions:TEHSTS should be managed with different surgical approaches based on admission symptoms, GCS score, and the speed of disease progression. The modified burr-hole drainage procedure is convenient, safe, and associated with better prognosis.

Objective:To analyze the efficacy and prognosis of surgical patients with traumatic epidural hematoma straddling the transverse sinus (TEHSTS).Methods:Clinical data of 4 360 patients with epidural hematoma admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology from January 2010 to April 2024 were collected. Among them, 109 cases (2.5%) were diagnosed with TEHSTS. Based on the rapid progression criteria for posterior fossa epidural hematoma [sudden deterioration of Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score within hours (a decrease of ≥1 point in the best motor response and/or a decrease of ≥2 points in GCS score), and progressive enlargement of TEHSTS on repeat CT scan], the timing and method of surgery were determined. Two surgical approaches were compared: combined supratentorial and infratentorial craniotomy (craniotomy group) and modified supratentorial burr-hole drainage (burr-hole group). Clinical data, surgical timing, surgical outcomes, and prognosis were compared between the two groups.Results:There were 57 cases (52.3%) in the craniotomy group and 52 cases (47.7%) in the modified burr-hole group. The proportion of patients presenting with vomiting upon admission was higher in the craniotomy group than in the burr-hole group [77.2%(44/57) vs 59.6%(31/52), P=0.048], and the proportion of patients with linear occipital fractures on CT was also higher in the craniotomy group [91.2%(52/57) vs 75.0%(39/52), P=0.023]. No significant differences were observed in other admission symptoms or CT findings between the two groups (all P>0.05). The GCS score upon admission was significantly lower in the craniotomy group [(11.0±1.0)points] than in the modified burr-hole group [(13.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05). Four cases in the burr-hole group developed delayed hematomas, including two cases of bilateral delayed epidural hematomas. The preoperative GCS score in the craniotomy group [(9.0±0.5)points] was significantly lower than upon admission [(11.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05), and the surgical timing was (6.5±1.5)hours after injury. The preoperative GCS score in the burr-hole group [(11.5±0.5)points] was also significantly lower than upon admission [(13.0±1.0)points] ( P<0.05), with surgical timing at (19.5±5.5)hours after injury. Preoperative CT scans showed no significant difference in hematoma volume between the burr-hole group [(35.5±7.5)ml] and the craniotomy group [(36.5±9.5)ml] ( P>0.05). The preoperative GCS score was significantly lower in the craniotomy group than in the burr-hole group ( P<0.05). The GCS scores at 24 hours postoperatively were significantly improved compared to preoperative scores in both groups (all P<0.05). The burr-hole group had significantly shorter operative time, less intraoperative blood loss, shorter intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and shorter hospital stay than the craniotomy group (all P<0.01). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary infection was lower in the burr-hole group than in the craniotomy group ( P<0.05). At 3-month follow-up, the rate of good recovery [Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score≥4 points] was significantly higher in the burr-hole group (98.1%) than in the craniotomy group (93.0%) ( P<0.01). Conclusions:TEHSTS should be managed with different surgical approaches based on admission symptoms, GCS score, and the speed of disease progression. The modified burr-hole drainage procedure is convenient, safe, and associated with better prognosis.

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC)on neuroinflammatory injury in the penumbra of traumatic brain injury(TBI)in rats.Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the PDTC group,TBI group,sham operation group and control group according to the random number table method,with 15 rats in each group.Rats in the PDTC group were intraperitoneally injected with PDTC(100 mg·kg-1)at 15 minutes before surgery;while the rats in the TBI group,sham operation group,and control group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of double distilled water.After the cranial window of rats in the TBI group and PDTC group was created,a 2.5 g steel rod with an inner diameter of 6.0 mm was dropped freely from a height of 75 cm through a transparent polyvinyl chloride tube with an inner diameter of 7.0 mm to impact the dura mater and induce right parietal lobe contusion and laceration to establish the TBI model;rats in the sham operation group were sealed with bone wax after the cranial window creation,without any impact applied;rats in the control group were raised under normal conditions.The modified neurological severity score(mNSS)was used to evaluate the degree of neurobehavioral damage in rats in each group at 1,4 and 7 days after modeling.At 2 days after modeling,5 rats in each group were decapitated,and brain tissues were taken for hematoxylin & eosin(HE)staining,and morphological changes of the brain tissues were observed under an optical microscope.The expressions of β-amyloid precursor protein(β-APP)and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)in the brain tissues of rats in each group were detected by immunohistochemical staining.At 24 hours after modeling,5 rats in each group were decapitated,and the right injured penumbra tissues were obtained;the expressions of nuclear transcription factor-κB(NF-κB)P65,phosphorylated NF-κB P65,inhibitor of NF-κB(IκB),phosphorylated IKB,NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)and caspase-1 protein in the right injured penumbra tissue of rats in each group were detected by Western blot,and the expressions of NF-κB P65,IκB,NLRP3 and caspase-1 mRNA in the right injured penumbra tissue of rats in each group were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results At 1,4,and 7 days after modeling,the mNSS scores of rats in the TBI group were signifi-cantly higher than those in the PDTC group,control group and sham operation group.The mNSS scores of rats in the PDTC group were significantly higher than those in the control group and sham operation group(P＜0.05);there was no statistically significant difference in mNSS scores between the sham operation group and the control group(P＞0.05).The neurons and neurogliocyte of rats in the control group and the sham operation group exhibited normal morphology,without swelling and wide-ning of intercellular space.Diffuse hemorrhagic changes were observed in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group,with different morphologies of neuronal cell body,unclear cell membrane and cytoplasm,pyknosis of cell nuclei,often triangular shape,disappearance of normal structure and nucleoli,and diffuse white blood cells and red blood cells filling the field of vision.The lesion surrounding area of rats in the PDTC group showed ischemic changes,with mild shrinkage of neuronal volume,a uniform light red color,karyopyknosis,nuclear-cytoplasmic dissociation,disappearance of normal structure and nucleoli,and localization of neuroinflammation.There was no significant expression of β-APP and GFAP in the cerebral cortex of rats in the control group and the sham operation group,while the accumulation of β-APP and GFAP in neuronal serosae and/or axons was observed in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group and the PDTC group.Compared with the TBI group,a decrease in the number and the expression intensity of β-APP and GFAP-positive stained neuronal cells in the cerebral cortex of rats was observed in the PDTC group.The relative expression of NF-κB P65 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the sham operation group,TBI group and PDTC group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the relative expression of NF-κB P65 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly higher than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of phosphorylated NF-κB P65 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group and the sham operation group was significantly lower than that in the control group,the relative expression of phosphorylated NF-κB P65 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group was significantly higher than that in the control group and the sham operation group,and the relative expression of phosphorylated NF-κB P65 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in both TBI group and sham operation group(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the relative expression of IκB protein in the brain tissues of rats between the sham operation group and the control group(P＞0.05);the relative expression of IκB protein in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the relative expression of IκB protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the control group,sham operation group,and TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of phosphorylated IκB protein in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group was significantly lower than that in the control group and the sham operation group,and the relative expression of phosphorylated IκB protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly higher than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of NLRP3 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the sham opera-tion group was significantly higher than that in the control group,the relative expression of NLRP3 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group and the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the sham operation group and the control group,and the relative expression of NLRP3 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group was significantly lower than that in the PDTC group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of caspase-1 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the sham opera-tion group,PDTC group,and TBI group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the relative expression of caspase-1 protein in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of NF-κB P65 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group,TBI group,and sham operation group was significantly higher than that in the control group,the relative expression of NF-κB P65 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group and TBI group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group,and the relative expres-sion of NF-κB P65 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of IκB mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group and TBI group were signifi-cantly higher than that in the control group,and the expression of IκB mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the sham operation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of IκB mRNA in the brain tis-sues of rats in the PDTC group and TBI group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group,and the relative expression of IκB mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of NLRP3 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group and TBI group was significantly higher than that in the control group,the relative expression of NLRP3 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the sham operation group was significantly lower than that in the control group,the relative expression of NLRP3 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group and TBI group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group,and the relative expression of NLRP3 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the TBI group(P＜0.05).The relative expression of caspase-1 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the sham operation group,TBI group,and PDTC group was significantly lower than that in the control group,the relative expression of caspase-1 mRNA in the brain tissues of rats in the TBI group and PDTC group was significantly higher than that in the sham operation group(P＜0.05).Conclusion PDTC can effectively improve neural functional deficit score and reduce neuroinflammatory injury in TBI rats,the mechanism of which may be related to regulating mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB/NLRP3 axis-related inflammatory injury indicators and regulating downstream inflammatory factors.

BACKGROUND:How to improve the accuracy of puncture,reduce surgical damage,and improve surgical efficiency during vertebroplasty is currently one of the focuses of exploration and improvement in vertebroplasty techniques. OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical significance of application of mixed reality technology in percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal fractures. METHODS:Two patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture in Dalian Second People's Hospital in June 2023 were selected.Before operation,128-row CT scanning of the lumbar spine was performed and the original data of digital imaging and communications in medicine(DICOM)were obtained.Visual Volume software was used to build the three-dimensional network model of vertebral compression fracture.Holographic imaging glasses were used to accurately map 3D network model images to the real world,assist the surgeon in completing preoperative simulation,explaining preoperative conditions and treatment plans,and guiding puncture and bone cement injection during surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Precise puncture was achieved with the assistance of a mixed reality technology.Postoperative imaging examination showed good bone cement filling and no obvious leakage.The postoperative symptoms of the patient were alleviated well,and they were able to move to the ground on the same day after surgery.(2)It is concluded that a mixed reality technology is helpful for preoperative surgical design and communication efficiency with patients and their families.Assisting with precise puncture during surgery,shortening surgical time,and reducing side injuries is a new and effective clinical diagnosis and treatment model,which has development potential in minimally invasive,precise,and personalized treatment of spinal surgery.

Objective To analyze the changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at different follow-up time points of different treatment regimens, and to provide reference for clinical optimization and adjustment of medication in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods The changes of liver and kidney function, blood glucose and lipid metabolism at seven follow-up time points were analyzed retrospectively. The baseline blood collection time of HIV /AIDS patients was set as the starting point, and the final follow-up time was set as the end point. The seven follow-up points were 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months respectively. Results There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of sex, age, education, marital status, WHO staging, infection route, and baseline CD4+T lymphocyte count among 605 enrolled patients based on different treatment regimens. Liver function: The level of T-Bil in group E was higher than that of baseline at 9M, 12M, 18M and 24M after treatment (P<0.01); In group F, the level of T-Bil was higher than that of baseline at 9M after treatment (P=0.001); The levels of ALT in group C at the six follow-up points after treatment were higher than the baseline (P<0.001); The level of AST in group C was higher than that of baseline after 3M and 6M treatment (P<0.05). Renal function: The level of UREA in group C was higher than that in baseline after 6M treatment (P=0.007); The level of UREA in group F was higher than that in the baseline after 12M treatment (P<0.001); The level of UA in group F was higher than that of baseline after 3M, 6M and 12M treatment (P<0.05). Blood lipid and blood glucose: The levels of Glu at some follow-up points after ART treatment in group A and group C were higher than that at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TG at some follow-up points in group A, group E and group F after ART treatment were higher than those at baseline (P<0.05); The levels of TC at some follow-up points in group A, group B, group C, group E and group F after ART treatment were all higher than the baseline (P<0.05). Conclusion Regular monitoring of changes in laboratory indicators of different treatment regimens during ART is of great importance to the prognosis of patients. Different laboratory indicators should be monitored according to different treatment regimens to effectively prevent adverse reactions caused by different treatment regimens.

Objective:To explore the relationship between drug resistance occurrence and the distribution pattern of polymorphic loci in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART).Methods:HAART-failed HIV/AIDS patients who successfully amplified the gene sequences of the pol region between June 2015 and December 2021 from 16 prefecture-level administrative regions in Yunnan Province were included.The resistant sequences were classified using the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and validated through MEGA 6.0, and the obtained sequences were submitted to the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database to identify drug resistance loci. The distribution of polymorphic loci was analyzed across patients exhibiting varying degrees of drug resistance, different treatment regimens and distinct HIV-1 subtypes.Changes of the frequencies of polymorphic loci in patients with different degrees of drug resistance were analyzed using trend chi-square test. Statistical comparisons and further paired comparisons were performed using chi-square test.Results:Gene sequences were amplified from 1 453 patients, and the resistance testing results showed 954 sensitive, 224 potentially or low resistant, 189 moderately resistant, and 86 highly resistant patients. The frequencies of mutations I15V, L19I, D60E in the HIV-1 protease region (PR region) and E36A, T39D, S48T mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase region (RT region) showed a decreasing trend as the degree of HIV-1 resistance escalated ( χ2trend=19.86, 9.16, 13.66, 37.64, 18.44 and 40.86, respectively, all P<0.01). Conversely, the mutations V77I in the PR region and K122E in the RT region showed an ascending trend ( χ2trend=12.19 and 10.03, respectively, both P<0.01). Distinct treatment groups, namely zidovudine (AZT)+ lamivudine (3TC)+ lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), AZT+ 3TC+ efavirenz (EFV), AZT+ 3TC+ nevirapine (NVP), and tenofovir (TDF)+ 3TC+ EFV, were examined. Statistically significant differences in the frequencies of mutations E35D, M36I, and D60E in the PR region, as well as S48T, K122E, and R211K in the RT region, were observed among these treatment groups ( χ2=22.46, 9.32, 14.46, 26.85, 18.92 and 24.26, respectively, all P<0.05). In paired comparisons, AZT+ 3TC+ LPV/r group displayed higher frequencies of E35D, M36I, and D60E mutations, the AZT+ 3TC+ EFV group showed a higher frequency of S48T mutation, the AZT+ 3TC+ NVP group showed a higher frequency of K122E mutation, and the TDF+ 3TC+ EFV group exhibited a higher frequency of R211K mutation, all with statistically significant differences (all P<0.008). The differences in the frequencies of T12S, I15V, L19I, M36I, V77I, L89M in the PR region and E53D, I135V, S162C, R211K, K277R in the RT region among circulating recombinant form (CRF)08_BC, CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE subtype group were statistically significant ( χ2=693.60, 712.51, 798.11, 434.85, 386.91, 657.78, 932.58, 409.21, 344.39, 469.44 and 260.48, respectively, all P<0.001). In paired comparisons, the frequencies of T12S, I15V, L19I, E53D, I135V, S162C and R211K in CRF08_BC subtype, the frequencies of V77I and K277R in CRF07_BC subtype, and the frequencies of M36I and L89M in CRF01_AE subtype were higher than those in the other two groups, and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.017). Conclusions:The polymorphic loci resulting from HIV-1 HAART failure show different distribution patterns across various degrees of drug resistance, treatment regimens and HIV-1 subtypes.These loci demonstrate both specific and shared characteristics. It is necessary to enhance the surveillance of select polymorphic loci.

Objective:To investigate the effect of sequential suture and adhesion on craniomaxillofacial skin contusion and laceration.Methods:A total of 189 patients with craniomaxillofacial skin contusion and laceration (CMFSCL) were randomly divided into three groups: 66 cases in SSA group, 63 cases in CS group and 60 cases in TS group. Operation time, visual analogue scale (VAS), Vancouver scar scale (VSS) and adverse reactions incidence were compared and analyzed between the three groups. Effect and satisfactory scale were evaluated.Results:Operation time in SSA group (10.67±1.26) min was significantly less than that in CS (18.91±1.38) min and TS group (17.96±1.43) min ( P<0.05). VAS in SSA group 24 h post-operation (3.11±1.01) was significantly lower than that in CS and TS group ( P<0.05). VSS in SSA group 6 months post-operation (1.18±0.21) was significantly lower than that in CS (3.78±1.01) ( P<0.05) and TS group (5.98±1.06) ( P<0.01). Total effective rate of SSA group (96.5%) was significantly higher than that in CS (85.7%) ( P<0.05) and TS group (56.1%) ( P<0.01); total effective rate in CS group was significantly higher than that in TS group ( P<0.05). Infection and dehiscence rates in SSA group were lower than those in CS and TS group ( P<0.01). Satisfactory rate of SSA group (99%) was significantly higher than that of CS (89.1%) and TS group (71.3%) ( P<0.05); the satisfactory rate of CS group was significantly higher than that of TS group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Sequential suture and adhesion technique is simple and effective for craniomaxillofacial skin contusion and laceration, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Reference interval study and clinical evaluation are crucial supportive researches to demonstrate the intended use of quantitative
Indicators and Reagents ; Reference Values

Objective: To learn the genotypic drug resistance of men who have sex with men ( MSM ) with HIV who failed in antiviral therapy in Yunnan Province, in order to provide basis for improving the effect of antiviral therapy. Methods: The patients who were infected with HIV-1, homosexual transmitted and failed in antiviral therapy in Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2019 were recruited. Their plasma samples were tested by reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction ( RT-nPCR ) , the fragments were spliced using ContigExpress, and the resistance to 8 protease inhibitors ( PIs ) , 7 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) and 5 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTIs ) were obtained from the HIV drug resistance data website of Stanford University. Results: A total of 205 HIV/AIDS cases were included, 169 positive plasma samples were amplified, 112 cases were drug resistant, and the rate of drug resistance was 66.27%. The patients who were aged 30-49 years ( 76.09% ) , had genotype of CRF01_AE ( 76.34% ) or treated by AZT+3TC+NVP ( 77.08% ) had higher resistance rate. The resistance rates of NNRTIs, NRTIs and PIs were 62.72%, 49.70% and 2.96%, respectively; the resistance rates of NVP and EFV in NNRTIs were 62.72% and 61.54%. The main mutation site associated with NNRTIs was K103, accounting for 21.89% ( 37 cases ) ; the main mutation site associated with NRTIs was M184, accounting for 39.64% ( 67 cases ) ; the main mutation sites associated with PIs were M46L/K, accounting for 2.96% ( 5 cases ) , resulting in high resistance to NFV. Conclusions The drug resistance rate of HIV-infected MSM with failure of antiviral therapy in Yunnan Province is relatively high, with CRF01_AE as the main gene subtype of drug resistance. The drug resistance rate of NNRTIs is relatively high, especially NVP and EFV.