This paper explores the therapeutic approach for glaucoma based on the concept of "jueyin （厥阴） as the closing phase" from the perspectives of time and space. In traditional Chinese medicine， jueyin governs inward， converging aspect of qi， representing the crucial turning point between the end of yin and the emergence of yang， as well as the transformation between yin and yang. When the closing and descending function of jueyin operates smoothly， it promotes the inward convergence and smooth descent of qi， enabling the internal retention of blood， spirit， and emotions， which nourishes the internal organs and moistens the meridian-sinews. Conversely， dysfunction of this "closing" mechanism results in a disturbance of yin and yang， a mixture of cold and heat， and disharmony of qi and blood. It is proposed that "failure of jueyin to properly close and descend" is a core pathomechanism of glaucoma. From the perspective of spatiotemporal theory， clinical treatment should focus on "regulating the closing function of jueyin and harmonizing yin and yang". The modified Wumei Pill （乌梅丸） is recommended to adjust the ascending-descending and entering-exiting dynamics of jueyin qi transformation， thereby restoring its free flow， achieving yin and yang balance， and ensuring nourishment to the ocular system.

Cold has been a long-term survival challenge in the evolutionary process of mammals. In response to cold stress, in addition to brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipating energy as heat through glucose and lipid oxidation to maintain body temperature, cold stimulation can strongly activate thermogenesis and energy expenditure in beige fat cells, which are widely distributed in the subcutaneous layer. However, the effects of cold stimulation on other tissues and systemic lipid metabolism remain unclear. Our previous research indicated that, under cold stress, BAT not only produces heat but also secretes numerous exosomes to mediate BAT-liver crosstalk. Whether subcutaneous fat has a similar mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the alterations in lipid metabolism across various tissues under cold exposure and to explore whether subcutaneous fat regulates systemic glucose and lipid metabolism via exosomes, thereby elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of lipid metabolism homeostasis under physiological stress. RT-qPCR, Western blot, and H&E staining methods were used to investigate the physiological changes in lipid metabolism in the serum, liver, epididymal white adipose tissue, and subcutaneous fat of mice under cold stimulation. The results revealed that cold exposure significantly enhanced the thermogenic activity of subcutaneous adipose tissue and markedly increased exosome secretion. These exosomes were efficiently taken up by hepatocytes, where they profoundly influenced hepatic lipid metabolism, as evidenced by alterations in the expression levels of key genes involved in lipid synthesis and catabolism pathways. This study has unveiled a novel mechanism by which subcutaneous fat regulates lipid metabolism through exosome secretion under cold stimulation, providing new insights into the systemic regulatory role of beige adipocytes under cold stress and offering a theoretical basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for obesity and metabolic diseases.
Animals ; Lipid Metabolism/physiology* ; Mice ; Exosomes/metabolism* ; Cold Temperature ; Subcutaneous Fat/physiology* ; Thermogenesis/physiology* ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism* ; Male

Objective To investigate the ameliorative effect of Evodiamine on primary dysmenorrhea in rats and its possible mechanism.Methods Female SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,model group,evodiamine low dose group,evodiamine medium dose group,evodiamine high dose group and positive control group,with 10 rats in each group.The primary dysmenorrhea model was established in all the other groups except the normal group.The rats in evodiamine low,medium and high dose groups were intragaically given 10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1 evodipine,respectively.Rats in positive control group were given 2.1 g·kg-1 Tongjingbao granules every day,and rats in normal group and model group were given the same amount of 0.9％NaCl.The times and latency of twisting were recorded in each group.The expression level of serum related factors and the content of Ca2+in uterine tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Serum malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)levels were detected by thiobarbituric acid method and xanthine oxidase method.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was used to observe the pathological changes of uterus in each group.The expression of uterine tissue protein was detected by Western blot.Results The prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)/prostaglandin E2(PGE2)values of normal group,model group,evodiamine low dose group,evodiamine medium dose group,evodiamine high dose group and positive control group were 0.73±0.07,2.35±0.44,1.84±0.18,1.40±0.17,1.04±0.12,and 0.97±0.14;Ca2+content were(1.00±0.17),(2.57±0.33),(2.01±0.24),(1.68±0.11),(1.38±0.16)and(1.78±0.10)nmol·gprot-1;MDA levels were(3.11±0.19),(5.07±0.19),(4.54±0.18),(4.01±0.13),(3.37±0.25)and(4.25±0.37)nmol·mL-1;prostaglandin E receptor 2(EP2)protein levels were 0.25±0.03,0.75±0.09,0.62±0.06,0.53±0.06,0.32±0.03,0.72±0.07,respectively;the Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLPP3)protein levels were 0.35±0.04,0.87±0.07,0.71±0.03,0.58±0.04,0.42±0.03 and 0.82±0.05;the protein levels of cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-1(caspase-1)were 0.40±0.06,0.90±0.07,0.73±0.07,0.59±0.06,0.45±0.03 and 0.86±0.07,respectively.The above indicators,comparison between model group and normal group,comparison between evodiamine low,medium,high dose groups and model group,comparison between different dosage groups of evodiamine,the differences were all statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Evodiamine may improve primary dysmenorrhea in rats by inhibiting EP2/NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway.

Objective To investigate the renal protective effect and mechanism of sodium acetate(Ace)on hyperuricemic nephropathy(HN)in mice.Methods Uric acid nephropathy mice model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate combined with adenine gavage.Mice were divided into blank control group(0.9％NaCl+0.5％carboxymethyl cellulose sodium),Ace group(200 mmol·L-1 Ace+0.5％carboxymethyl cellulose sodium),model group(0.9％NaCl+350 mg·kg-1 potassium oxonate+70 mg·kg-1 adenine),and experimental group(based on model group with additional 200 mmol·L-1 Ace).Serum and urine uric acid(UA)and serum creatinine(SCr)levels were observed in each group.Real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to detect the expression levels of kidney injury molecule-1(Kim-1)and anti-aging gene Klotho,renal fibrosis markers Collagen Ⅰ and Fibronectin,intestinal inflammation-related factors interleukin-1 β(IL-1 β),and mRNA expression levels of tight junction proteins Zo-1.Results The serum UA levels of blank control group,Ace group,model group,and experimental group mice were(259.52±24.40),(227.71±35.91),(604.06±73.55),and(496.24±30.16)μmol·L-1,respectively;SCr levels were(16.85±0.40),(16.18±0.94),(22.38±1.56),and(19.78±1.43)μmol·L-1;Kim-1 mRNA relative expression levels were 1.04±0.25,1.17±0.28,13.00±2.87,and 4.24±3.92;Klotho mRNA relative expression levels were 1.04±0.15,1.02±0.18,0.43±0.12,and 0.69±0.12;Collagen Ⅰ mRNA relative expression levels were 1.05±0.15,1.02±0.18,3.19±1.09,and 1.61±0.55;Fibronectin mRNA relative expression levels were 1.07±0.18,1.02±0.25,7.86±2.40,and 3.34±2.10;intestinal IL-1β mRNA relative expression levels were 1.00±0.01,1.01±0.03,2.55±0.63,and 1.21±0.28;intestinal Zo-1 mRNA relative expression levels were 1.00±0.07,1.07±0.09,0.54±0.20,and 0.92±0.17.The above indicators in blank control group compared with model group,and experimental group compared with model group,all showed statistically significant differences(P＜0.05,P＜0.01,P＜0.001).Conclusion Sodium acetate can effectively reduce UA levels in HN mice,significantly improve renal injury and fibrosis,and its mechanism may be related to the improvement of intestinal inflammatory response and up-regulation of intestinal Zo-1/Occuludin pathway to reduce intestinal mucosal permeability.

Objective To investigate the implementation of surveillance,prevention and control measures for healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in maternal and child healthcare(MCH)institutions,and provide policy evi-dence for optimizing HAI prevention and control in MCH institutions.Methods Stratified sampling was conducted among the MCH institutions at provincial,municipal and county levels in 8 provinces/autonomous regions.A uni-fied questionnaire was designed and the online survey was conducted through"Questionnaire Star".Results The data from 123 MCH institutions were included in the analysis.90.24％of the MCH institutions carried out compre-hensive surveillance on HAI.The ratios of MCH institutions which implemented targeted surveillance on HAI in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU),surgical site infection,multidrug-resistant organisms(MDROs)and HAI in intensive care units(non-NICU excluded)were 89.66％,85.96％,80.77％,and 74.19％,respectively.51.22％MCH institutions adopted information surveillance system on HAI cases.94.31％MCH institutions carried out surveillance on hand hygiene compliance.Over 90％MCH institutions carried out surveillance on environment hy-giene in high-risk departments.71.54％MCH institutions conducted centralized cleaning,disinfection,sterilization and supply for reusable medical instruments in the central sterile supply department(CSSD).Over 90％MCH insti-tutions established three-level pre-examination triage systems.86.18％set up transitional wards.MCH institutions generally adopted a management model with established effective communication,full appointment visits,and sepa-rate visits for special medical groups,such as registered pregnant women,high-risk newborns,healthcare groups,and long-term rehabilitation patients.However,the ratio of institutions conducting on-line follow-up visits was less than 50％.Conclusion MCH institutions have generally carried out comprehensive and targeted surveillance on HAI.Information surveillance need to be facilitated.Hand hygiene and environmental hygiene surveillance has been popularized to a certain extent at all levels of MCH institutions.The cleaning,disinfection,sterilization,and supply processes of reusable medical devices in a few MCH institutions are not standardized.Special medical populations get effective management.On-line healthcare is to be further promoted.

Purpose::To explore the effect of green channel for stroke patients on the treatment of severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods::This is a retrospective case-control study. The clinical data of patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted to the emergency department of our hospital from January 2015 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage, confirmed intracranial aneurysm by preoperative CT angiography or digital subtraction, graded Hunt-Hess grade III, IV, and V, < 72 h from the onset to the time of consultation received surgical treatment in our hospital were included in this study. Patients with serious underlying diseases, such as heart, liver, kidney diseases, or malignant tumors, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, previous history of cerebral hemorrhage, and incomplete data were excluded. The control group included patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted from January 2015 to December 2018 before the establishment of the green channel for stroke patients, and the observation group included patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage admitted from January 2019 to June 2022 after the establishment of the green channel. The control group received routine treatment in the emergency department; the observation group received improved treatment of green channel for stroke patients. Gender, age, Hunt-Hess grade on admission, modified Rankin scale (mRS) on admission, aneurysm location, aneurysm size and whether accompanied by intracerebral hemorrhage, the time from onset to emergency department, the time from emergency department to vascular diagnostic examination, the time from onset to surgery, the time from emergency department to surgery, the time from hospital admission to surgery, length of hospital stay, complications, treatment effect were analyzed and compared between the 2 groups. SPSS 23.0 software was utilized to conduct comparisons between the 2 groups. The t-test, Chi-square test, or Mann-Whitney U test was chosen based on the data type. Statistical significance was established when p < 0.05. Results::A total of 71 patients were included in this study, of whom 37 were in the control group and 34 were in the observation group. There were no statistical differences in age, gender, Hunt-Hess grade, mRS scores, aneurysm location, aneurysm size, intracerebral hemorrhage, the time from onset to emergency department, length of hospital stay, complications between the observation group and the control group (all p > 0.05). The time (min) from visit to vascular diagnostic test (60.50 vs. 120.00, p =0.027), the time (min) from onset to surgery (1792.00 vs. 2868.00, p =0.023), the time (min) from emergency department to surgery (1568.50 vs. 2778.00, p =0.016), the time (min) from hospital admission to surgery (1188.50 vs. 2708.00, p =0.043), all of them were shorter in the observation group than those in the control group. The relative values of admission and 7-day postoperative mRS scores and the relative values of admission and discharge mRS scores ≥ 2 were used as the criteria for determining better efficacy, and the treatment effect was better than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (admission to 7 days postoperative mRS score ≥ 2, 17 (50.0 %) vs. 8 (21.6 %), p =0.012; admission to discharge mRS score ≥ 2, 19 (55.9 %) vs. 11 (29.7 %), p =0.026). Conclusion::The green channel for stroke patients with severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage can effectively shorten the time from arrival at the emergency department to vascular diagnostic examination and the time from the emergency department to surgery, and achieve a better therapeutic effect, which is worth popularizing and applying.

Objective:To investigate the effect of interleukin-25(IL-25)on ovalbumin(OVA)in-duced atopic dermatitis of mice,and the significance of regulating IL-25.Methods:In this study,90 healthy male 6-week-old specific pathogen free(SPF)BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups(15 in each group):① subcutaneous injection of phosphate buffered saline(PBS)group(normal control group);② subcutaneous injection of mouse IL-25 group(IL-25 group);③ subcutaneous injection of anti-mouse IL-25 monoclonal antibody(anti-IL-25 group),each group received subcutaneous injection once a day for 1 week,2 weeks apart,repeated daily subcutaneous injections for 1 week,2 weeks apart,and repeated daily subcutaneous injections for 1 week,for a total of 7 weeks;④OVA treated group(model group);⑤ OVA treated and IL-25 subcutaneous injection group(IL-25 treated dermatitis group);⑥ OVA treated and anti-mouse IL-25 monoclonal antibody injection group(anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group).The ⑤ and ⑥ groups in the process of treatment with OVA,IL-25 or anti-IL-25 anti-body were given in the same way as the ② and ③ groups.Scratching behavior and skin performance of the mice were recorded during the seven-week-treatment.Twenty four hours after the final treatment,blood was taken from the mouse heart,and the serum was separated to detect the total IgE,IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,etc.The skin samples of the treatment sites were used for hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,im-munohistochemistry,real-time PCR and Western blot detections.A single factor(ANOVA)analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in various indicators between the groups.Results:The fre-quency of scratches in the IL-25 treated dermatitis group was higher than that in the model group,and the scratching behavior of the anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group was significantly lower than that in the model group.The appearance of atopic dermatitis,thickening of the epidermis and the degree of dermal inflammation in the IL-25 treated dermatitis group were more serious than those in the model group and the anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group.The levels of serum IgE,IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 in the IL-25 treated dermatitis group were significantly higher than that in the model group and the anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group.There were significantly more CD4+T cells in the dermis of IL-25 treated dermatitis group than that in the anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group.The expression levels of filaggrin and defensinβ2 proteins in the IL-25 treated dermatitis group were significantly lower than those in the model group and the anti-IL-25 treated dermatitis group.Conclusion:In the OVA induced atopic dermatitis mice model,IL-25 can significantly promote the damage of the epidermal barrier function and aggravate the OVA-induced dermatitis.Antagonizing IL-25 can alleviate OVA induced dermatitis to a certain extent.

Objective To investigate the relationship between gene mutation characteristics and immunological markers in patients with small cell lung cancer.Methods From January 2019 to 2020,155 patients with small cell lung cancer were admitted.Gene mutations were detected in these patients using target gene capture and sequencing method.Moreover,the tumor mutational burden(TMB)and expression of PD-L1 in some patients were detected.Results A total of 326 gene mutations were detected in the patients,the most significant of which were TP53 and RB1.Among the 8 genes with mutation frequency higher than 15％,patients with KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 mutations had higher TMB than those without mutation,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The most common mutated genes in patients with small cell lung cancer are TP53 and RB1.KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 may be potential markers for the efficacy of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in tertiary hospitals in major regions of China in 2022.Methods Clinical isolates from 58 hospitals in China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2022 Clinical &Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)breakpoints.Results A total of 318 013 clinical isolates were collected from January 1,2022 to December 31,2022,of which 29.5％were gram-positive and 70.5％were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species(excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi)was 28.3％,76.7％and 77.9％,respectively.Overall,94.0％of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 90.8％of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis showed significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 94.2％in the isolates from children and 95.7％in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 13.1％in most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,21.7％-23.1％of which were resistant to carbapenems.Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.1％to 13.3％.The prevalence of meropenem-resistant strains decreased from 23.5％in 2019 to 18.0％in 2022 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and decreased from 79.0％in 2019 to 72.5％in 2022 in Acinetobacter baumannii.Conclusions The resistance of clinical isolates to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still increasing in tertiary hospitals.However,the prevalence of important carbapenem-resistant organisms such as carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a downward trend in recent years.This finding suggests that the strategy of combining antimicrobial resistance surveillance with multidisciplinary concerted action works well in curbing the spread of resistant bacteria.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the common pathogens isolated from urine from 2015 to 2021 in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program.Methods The bacterial strains were isolated from urine and identified routinely in 51 hospitals across China in the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 2015 to 2021.Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by Kirby-Bauer method,automatic microbiological analysis system and E-test according to the unified protocol.Results A total of 261 893 nonduplicate strains were isolated from urine specimen from 2015 to 2021,of which gram-positive bacteria accounted for 23.8％(62 219/261 893),and gram-negative bacteria 76.2％(199 674/261 893).The most common species were E.coli(46.7％),E.faecium(10.4％),K.pneumoniae(9.8％),E.faecalis(8.7％),P.mirabilis(3.5％),P.aeruginosa(3.4％),SS.agalactiae(2.6％),and E.cloacae(2.1％).The strains were more frequently isolated from inpatients versus outpatients and emergency patients,from females versus males,and from adults versus children.The prevalence of ESBLs-producing strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae and P.mirabilis was 53.2％,52.8％and 37.0％,respectively.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant strains in E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii was 1.7％,18.5％,16.4％,and 40.3％,respectively.Lower than 10％of the E.faecalis isolates were resistant to ampicillin,nitrofurantoin,linezolid,vancomycin,teicoplanin and fosfomycin.More than 90％of the E.faecium isolates were ressitant to ampicillin,levofloxacin and erythromycin.The percentage of strains resistant to vancomycin,linezolid or teicoplanin was＜2％.The E.coli,K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa and A.baumannii strains isolated from ICU inpatients showed significantly higher resistance rates than the corresponding strains isolated from outpatients and non-ICU inpatients.Conclusions E.coli,Enterococcus and K.pneumoniae are the most common pathogens in urinary tract infection.The bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance of urinary isolates vary with different populations.More attention should be paid to antimicrobial resistance surveillance and reduce the irrational use of antimicrobial agents.