Bronchiolar adenoma (BA) is a rare type of lung tumor characterized by bilayered epithelial cells having a continuous basal layer and a luminal layer. It resembles mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA) on frozen section, with difficulty in distinguishing the basal layer. Immunohistochemistry is the best choice for verifying the diagnosis. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize three cases of BA-combined carcinoma using clinical, histopathological, and genetic features. BA and carcinoma sections were subjected to next-generation sequencing, respectively. It was hypothesized that while different mutation forms matched different regions, BA and lung adenocarcinoma shared the same gene mutation when they co-occurred in the same location. BA with extensive carcinoma is extremely rare and presents diagnostic challenges due to its overlap with conditions such as MA. Because of its distinctive morphological characteristics, BA may be regarded as a low-grade malignancy, particularly during a confusing evaluation. A multifaceted examination of clinical, radiological, immunohistochemical, and genetic data is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

Infectious diseases occur and evolve through a dynamic contest between pathogenic qi and the body's healthy qi， with marked stage-dependent progression. This paper constructs a whole-course system of syndrome differentiation and treatment based on the theories of "struggle between pathogenic qi and healthy qi" and "relapse due to overexertion after recovery". The former reveals the intrinsic link between the waxing and waning of pathogenic and healthy qi and the evolution of syndromes， guiding stratified interventions during acute stage by discerning the location and nature of pathogenic factors and determining appropriate strategies for eliminating pathogens and supporting healthy qi according to the dynamics of deficiency and excess syndromes. The latter focuses on the recovery stage after infection and disease relapse， emphasizing harmonizing yin， yang， qi and blood to restore functions of zang-fu （脏腑） organs， and combining unblocking， tonifying， and turbidity-dispelling methods to eliminate both new and lingering pathogens. Throughout the whole-course treatment， attention should be paid to dynamic pathogenesis and stage-to-stage coherence， with emphasis on formula-syndrome correspondence， and integration of modern diagnostic and therapeutic measures， to construct individualized strategies bridging disease stages and integrating prevention with treatment， thereby systematically leveraging the integrative strengths of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases occur and evolve through a dynamic contest between pathogenic qi and the body's healthy qi， with marked stage-dependent progression. This paper constructs a whole-course system of syndrome differentiation and treatment based on the theories of "struggle between pathogenic qi and healthy qi" and "relapse due to overexertion after recovery". The former reveals the intrinsic link between the waxing and waning of pathogenic and healthy qi and the evolution of syndromes， guiding stratified interventions during acute stage by discerning the location and nature of pathogenic factors and determining appropriate strategies for eliminating pathogens and supporting healthy qi according to the dynamics of deficiency and excess syndromes. The latter focuses on the recovery stage after infection and disease relapse， emphasizing harmonizing yin， yang， qi and blood to restore functions of zang-fu （脏腑） organs， and combining unblocking， tonifying， and turbidity-dispelling methods to eliminate both new and lingering pathogens. Throughout the whole-course treatment， attention should be paid to dynamic pathogenesis and stage-to-stage coherence， with emphasis on formula-syndrome correspondence， and integration of modern diagnostic and therapeutic measures， to construct individualized strategies bridging disease stages and integrating prevention with treatment， thereby systematically leveraging the integrative strengths of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum pepsinogen(PG)level and gastric in-testinal metaplasia,Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection.Methods A total of 140 patients with gastric intesti-nal metaplasia who were diagnosed and treated in the hospital from February 2022 to February 2024 were se-lected as the research objects.According to the pathological type,they were divided into simple intestinal met-aplasia group(n=45),atypical intestinal metaplasia group(n=52),and gastric cancer group(n=43).The general information,Hp infection subtype and PG level of the three groups were compared.Generalized addi-tive model(GAM)was used to analyze the relationship between PG level and gastric cancer.Multivariate Lo-gistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of gastric cancer.The levels of PG in patients with different pathological types of gastric intestinal metaplasia and different subtypes of Hp infection were com-pared.The mediating effect of PG level between Hp infection subtypes and gastric cancer was analyzed.Gener-alized linear model was used to analyze the effect of PG level on the association between Hp infection subtypes and gastric cancer.Results There were significant differences in drinking strong tea,spicy food,Hp infection subtypes,gastrin-17(G-17)and thioredoxin 1(TRX-1)(P＜0.05).Compared with the simple intestinal met-aplasia group and the atypical intestinal metaplasia group,the PG Ⅰ level and PG Ⅰ to PG Ⅱ ratio(PGR)in the gastric cancer group were decreased(P＜0.05),and the PG Ⅱ level was increased(P＜0.05).GAM anal-ysis showed that PG Ⅰ,PGⅡ and PGR were statistically significant variables(P＜0.05),and their effects on gastric cancer showed a non linear curve relationship.Drinking strong tea,spicy food,Hp type Ⅰ infection,G-17 and TRX-1 were independent risk factors for gastric cancer(P＜0.05),and PGR was an independent pro-tective factor for gastric cancer(P＜0.05).The level of PG Ⅰ and PGR in patients with Hp type Ⅰ infection were lower than those in patients with Hp type Ⅱ infection,and the level of PG Ⅱ was higher than that in pa-tients with Hp type Ⅱ infection(P＜0.05).The results of mediating effect analysis showed that PG Ⅰ,PGⅡand PGR had mediating effects between infection subtypes and gastric cancer.The positive association between Hp type Ⅰ infection and gastric cancer was gradually weakened with the increase of PG Ⅰ level and PGR in the total population and in different genders.With the increase of PG Ⅱ level,the positive correlation between Hp type Ⅰ infection and gastric cancer gradually strengthened.Conclusion The level of PG is significantly different in patients with different pathological types of gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia.The level of PG Ⅰ and PGR are decreased,while the level of PG Ⅱ is increased in patients with gastric cancer.There is a non linear curve relationship between PG level and gastric cancer.PG level plays a mediating role in the rela-tionship between Hp infection subtypes and gastric cancer,and its changes may affect the association between Hp infection and gastric cancer.

With the rapid development of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)technologies,their widespread application in academic research and writing is continuously expanding the boundaries of sci-entific inquiry.However,this trend has also raised a series of ethical and regulatory challenges,inclu-ding issues related to authorship,content authenticity,citation accuracy,and accountability.In light of the growing involvement of AI in generating academic content,establishing an open,controllable,and trustworthy ethical governance framework has become a key task for safeguarding research integrity and maintaining trust within the academic community.This expert consensus outlines ethical requirements across key stages of AI-assisted academic writing-including topic selection,data management,citation practices,and authorship attribution.It aims to clarify the boundaries and ethical obligations surrounding AI use in academic writing,ensuring that technological tools enhance efficiency without compromising in-tegrity.The goal is to provide guidance and institutional support for building a responsible and sustainable research ecosystem.

Objective:To investigate the differences between high-frequency ultrasound-guided manual detorsion combined with surgery(MD+S)and surgery alone in the treatment of testicular torsion,and to provide some new evidence for the timely diagno-sis and treatment of the disease.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data on 134 cases of unilateral testicular torsion within 48 hours treated in our hospital by MD+S or by surgery alone from January 2015 to May 2022.We statistically analyzed the age distribution,and duration and degrees of testicular torsion,followed by comparison between the two groups.Results:In the 134 ca-ses,the median age of onset was 15(13-19)years old,the median onset-to-visit time was 15(8-25)hours,and the median de-gree of torsion was 360°(180°-1080°).Of the total number of patients,21 underwent testicular excision and the other 113 were treated with the testis preserved,with no statistically significant difference in age distribution between the two groups(P＞0.05),and a higher rate of testis resection in those with longer duration and greater angle of torsion(P＜0.05).Totally,33 of the patients were assigned to the MD+S group and 101 to the surgery alone group.According to the actual clinical conditions and excluding those with torsion time longer than 24 hours and torsion angle greater than 720 °,28 of the patients underwent ultrasound-guided MD+S(with 1 case of testis resection,3.6％),and 68 received surgery alone(with 7 cases of testis resection,10.3％).The rate of testis resection was higher in the surgery alone than that in the MD+S group,but with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05),which was considered to be related to the small sample size in this study.Conclusion:The popularization of testicular torsion knowledge can shorten the onset-to-visit time,and reasonable manual detorsion before emergency surgery can reduce the rate of testis resection.

Eightly-four novel thioheterocyclic nucleoside derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Most of the compounds inhibited the growth of HCT116 and HeLa cancer cells in vitro, among them 33a and 36b exhibited potent activity against HCT116 cells (IC₅₀ = 0.27 and 0.49 μmol/L, respectively). Both compounds 33a and 36b inhibited cell metastasis, arrested the cell cycle in the G₂/M phase, and induced apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistic studies revealed that 33a and 36b increased ROS levels, led to DNA damage, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibited autophagy in HCT116 cells. Biological information analysis, RNA-sequencing, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) assay, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and SPR experiments identified that compounds 33a and 36b showed antitumor activity by suppressing the c-MYC pathway. c-MYC silencing assays indicated that c-MYC proteins participated in 33a-mediated anticancer activities in HCT116 cells. More importantly, compound 33a presented favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mice (T _1/2 = 6.8 h) and showed significant antitumor efficacy in vivo without obvious toxicity, showing promising potential for further clinical development.

Disorders of consciousness (DOC) are pathological conditions characterized by severely suppressed brain function and the persistent interruption or loss of consciousness. Accurate diagnosis and evaluation of DOC are prerequisites for precise treatment. Traditional assessment methods are primarily based on behavioral scales, which are inherently subjective and rely on observable behaviors. Moreover, traditional methods have a high misdiagnosis rate, particularly in distinguishing minimally conscious state (MCS) from vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS). This diagnostic uncertainty has driven the exploration of objective, reliable, and efficient assessment tools. Among these tools, electroencephalography (EEG) has garnered significant attention for its non-invasive nature, portability, and ability to capture real-time neurodynamics. This paper systematically reviews the application of EEG biomarkers in DOC assessment. These biomarkers are categorized into 3 main types: resting-state EEG features, task-related EEG features, and features derived from transcranial magnetic stimulation-EEG (TMS-EEG). Resting-state EEG biomarkers include features based on spectrum, microstates, nonlinear dynamics, and brain network metrics. These biomarkers provide baseline representations of brain activity in DOC patients. Studies have shown their ability to distinguish different levels of consciousness and predict clinical outcomes. However, because they are not task-specific, they are challenging to directly associate with specific brain functions or cognitive processes. Strengthening the correlation between resting-state EEG features and consciousness-related networks could offer more direct evidence for the pathophysiological mechanisms of DOC. Task-related EEG features include event-related potentials, event-related spectral modulations, and phase-related features. These features reveal the brain’s responses to external stimuli and provide dynamic information about residual cognitive functions, reflecting neurophysiological changes associated with specific cognitive, sensory, or behavioral tasks. Although these biomarkers demonstrate substantial value, their effectiveness rely on patient cooperation and task design. Developing experimental paradigms that are more effective at eliciting specific EEG features or creating composite paradigms capable of simultaneously inducing multiple features may more effectively capture the brain activity characteristics of DOC patients, thereby supporting clinical applications. TMS-EEG is a technique for probing the neurodynamics within thalamocortical networks without involving sensory, motor, or cognitive functions. Parameters such as the perturbational complexity index (PCI) have been proposed as reliable indicators of consciousness, providing objective quantification of cortical dynamics. However, despite its high sensitivity and objectivity compared to traditional EEG methods, TMS-EEG is constrained by physiological artifacts, operational complexity, and variability in stimulation parameters and targets across individuals. Future research should aim to standardize experimental protocols, optimize stimulation parameters, and develop automated analysis techniques to improve the feasibility of TMS-EEG in clinical applications. Our analysis suggests that no single EEG biomarker currently achieves an ideal balance between accuracy, robustness, and generalizability. Progress is constrained by inconsistencies in analysis methods, parameter settings, and experimental conditions. Additionally, the heterogeneity of DOC etiologies and dynamic changes in brain function add to the complexity of assessment. Future research should focus on the standardization of EEG biomarker research, integrating features from resting-state, task-related, and TMS-EEG paradigms to construct multimodal diagnostic models that enhance evaluation efficiency and accuracy. Multimodal data integration (e.g., combining EEG with functional near-infrared spectroscopy) and advancements in source localization algorithms can further improve the spatial precision of biomarkers. Leveraging machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies to develop intelligent diagnostic tools will accelerate the clinical adoption of EEG biomarkers in DOC diagnosis and prognosis, allowing for more precise evaluations of consciousness states and personalized treatment strategies.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are ubiquitous components within cells, fulfilling essential functions in a myriad of biological processes. These proteins interact with RNA molecules to regulate gene expression at various levels, including transcription, splicing, transport, localization, translation, and degradation. Understanding the intricate network of RBP-RNA interactions is crucial for deciphering the complex regulatory mechanisms that govern cellular function and organismal development. Ultravidet (UV) cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) stands out as a powerful approach designed to map the precise locations where RBPs bind to RNA. By using UV light to create covalent bonds between proteins and RNA, followed by immunoprecipitation to isolate the protein-RNA complexes, researchers can identify the direct targets of specific RBPs. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has revolutionized CLIP, enabling the identification of not only the types but also the exact sequences of RNA bound by RBPs on a genome-wide scale. The evolution of CLIP has led to the development of specialized variants, each with unique features that address specific challenges and expand the scope of what can be studied. High-throughput sequencing CLIP (HITS-CLIP) was one of the first advancements, significantly increasing the throughput and resolution of RNA-protein interaction mapping. Photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced CLIP (PAR-CLIP) introduced the use of photoactivatable ribonucleosides to enhance cross-linking efficiency and specificity, reducing background noise and improving the detection of low-abundance RNA-protein interactions. Individual-nucleotide resolution CLIP (iCLIP) further refined the technique, achieving unprecedented precision by resolving individual nucleotides involved in RBP binding, which is particularly valuable for studying the fine details of RNA structure and function. Despite the remarkable progress, there remains room for improvement in CLIP technology. Researchers continue to seek methods to increase sensitivity, reduce technical variability, and improve the reproducibility of results. Advances in sample preparation, data analysis algorithms, and computational tools are critical for addressing these challenges. Moreover, the application of CLIP to more diverse biological systems, including non-model organisms and clinical samples, requires the development of tailored protocols and the optimization of existing ones. Looking forward, the field of RNA biology is poised to benefit greatly from ongoing innovations in CLIP technology. The exploration of non-canonical RNA-protein interactions, such as those involving long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), promises to reveal new layers of cellular regulation and may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Furthermore, integrating CLIP data with other omics approaches, such as proteomics and metabolomics, will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic interplay between RNA and its binding partners within the cell. In conclusion, the continuous refinement and expansion of CLIP techniques have not only deepened our knowledge of RNA biology but have also opened up new avenues for investigating the molecular underpinnings of health and disease. As the technology matures, it is expected to play an increasingly pivotal role in both basic and applied research, contributing to the advancement of medical science and biotechnology.

Advances in genomics,biochemistry,and genetics have deepened our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms.These mechanisms play a crucial role in life,heredity,and evo-lution.Their growing significance is driving biomedical research toward personalized and precise medicine.Renal diseases,par-ticularly chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury,require new treatment strategies.Their subtle clinical symptoms and challenges in early diagnosis limit current therapeutic options.Research on epigenetic modifications in renal diseases is expan-ding rapidly.This field is emerging as a promising approach for kidney disease treatment.The transition from basic mechanistic studies to clinical applications is underway.Epigenetic modifica-tions hold great potential for improving early diagnosis,enabling personalized treatment,and advancing precision medicine in re-nal diseases.