Autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） is a chronic inflammatory liver disease mediated by T lymphocytes， and it can progress to liver cirrhosis or even liver failure without timely intervention. As a natural flavonoid compound， naringenin （NAR） shows a potential value in the prevention and treatment of AIH through multiple mechanisms such as remodeling immune homeostasis， targeted inhibition of inflammatory pathways， antioxidation， regulating hepatocyte metabolism and apoptosis， improving mitochondrial function， and regulating intestinal flora. However， the clinical translation and application of NAR is limited by issues such as low bioavailability and insufficient efficiency of liver-targeted delivery. This article systematically reviews the mechanism of action of NAR in the prevention and treatment of AIH， explores the potential signaling pathways involved in this process， and analyzes existing challenges in its translation and application and future research directions， so as to provide a reference for further research on NAR and its application in the prevention and treatment of AIH.

ObjectiveType I interferon (IFN-I) signaling is essential for antiviral innate immunity, yet its sustained or excessive activation contributes to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases and interferonopathies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Current strategies targeting this pathway, exemplified by JAK inhibitors, act mainly on downstream signal transduction and provide limited direct control over upstream IFN-I production, while also carrying the risk of broad immunosuppression. Phyllanthus emblica L. has long been used in traditional medicine for inflammatory disorders, but the bioactive constituent responsible for its regulation of IFN-I signaling and the underlying molecular mechanism have not been clearly defined. This study aimed to identify the active anti-inflammatory component of P. emblica and to characterize its mechanism of action on the IFN-I pathway in macrophages. MethodsActive components ofP. emblica and their candidate targets were screened by network pharmacology using the TCMSP and DrugBank databases (oral bioavailability≥30%, drug-likeness≥0.18) and intersected with inflammation-related genes retrieved from public databases. The predicted interaction between EGCG and IFN-I pathway proteins (TBK1, IRF3, STAT1) was evaluated by molecular docking, with BX795 and GSK8612 used as reference TBK1 inhibitors. Mechanistic experiments were performed in THP-1-derived macrophages and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Upstream signaling was activated by transfection of the nucleic acid analogs poly(I∶C) and poly(dA∶dT) or by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, whereas downstream signaling was activated by exogenous IFN-β. An siRNA-mediated TREX1 knockdown model was used to mimic endogenous nucleic acid-driven interferonopathy. Expression of IFN-β1 and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was measured by RT-qPCR, protein phosphorylation by Western blot, and IFN-β secretion by ELISA. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) were used to probe the interactionbetween EGCG and IRF3. ResultsNetwork pharmacology identified (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a candidate IFN-I-suppressive constituent of P. emblica, with predicted binding to TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1. Molecular docking yielded binding energies of -9.2, -7.2, and -8.2 kcal/mol for TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1, respectively, indicating an affinity for TBK1 comparable to that of the reference inhibitors BX795 (-5.7 kcal/mol) and GSK8612 (-6.4 kcal/mol). EGCG suppressed IFN-β1 and ISG mRNA expression under poly (I∶C), poly (dA∶dT), and LPS stimulation in both THP-1 macrophages and BMDM. At the protein level, EGCG reduced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 without affecting the levels of the upstream sensors cGAS and RIG-I, and lowered IFN-β secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. CETSA and DARTS showed that EGCG did not enhance the thermal stability or protease resistance of IRF3, indicating that its effect on IRF3 is indirect. Following IFN-β stimulation, prolonged EGCG treatment reduced STAT1 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner without an apparent change in IRF9, and partially attenuated ISG transcription; this effect was not monotonicly concentration-dependent, and CXCL10 showed the most consistent suppression. In TREX1-knockdown cells, the elevated mRNA levels of ISG15, ISG56, and CXCL10 were reduced by EGCG. ConclusionEGCG suppresses IFN-I responses by concurrently inhibiting TBK1-IRF3-dependent IFN‑β production and JAK-STAT1-mediated downstream transcription. These in vitro findings provide a mechanistic basis for the anti-inflammatory use of P. emblica in traditional medicine and identify EGCG as a candidate for further evaluation in interferon-driven autoimmune disease models.

This study assessed the role and mechanism of the recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Gue?rin vaccine(rBCG)with c-di-AMP adjuvant in regulating metabolism and immunity in epididymal white adipose(eWAT)in mice.Male C57BL/6 mice were intravenously immunized with BCG and rBCG,and their body weights were monitored.eWAT was isolated from the mice,and the stromal vascular fractions(SVFs)cell number was counted with a hemocytometer.Sections of mouse adipose tissue were prepared,and the size,number,and morphology of eWAT adipocytes and crown-like structure(CLS)formation were compared under a microscope after HE staining.The transcription levels of lipid metabolism-associated factors,cytokines and aging-associated genes in each group were determined with qRT-PCR.The body weights of mice gradually increased after immunization with BCG and rBCG.The proportions of eWAT increased,and the SVFs cell number decreased,in rBCG immunized mice.HE staining indicated that BCG immunization promoted hyperplasia,whereas rBCG immunization promoted hypertrophy of eWAT adipocytes;moreover,both BCG and rBCG immunization induced CLS formation in eWAT.The qRT-PCR results indicated that rBCG immunization inhibited the expression of genes associated with lipolysis and energy expenditure in eWAT.BCG immunization had little effect on cytokine transcription,whereas rBCG significantly induced the transcription of IFN-γ and IL-1Ra,and inhibited that of IL-15 and IL-2,but did not induce the expression of aging-associated genes.Thus,rBCG immunization induced eWAT adipocyte hypertrophy,which was associated with the inhibition of eWAT lipolysis and the regulation of cytokine expression.

Objective To explore the optimal warning threshold of motor evoked potentials(MEP)in decompression surgery for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL)at cervical and thoracic segments,and the predictive role of different MEP parameters on postoperative lower extremity motor function.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 227 patients diagnosed with cervical or thoracic OPLL and underwent decompression surgery from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital.There were 131 males and 96 females,with an average age of(60±10)years.All patients underwent continuous neuro-physiological monitoring during the operation,and the minimum ratio of MEP amplitude change to the baseline at the beginning of the operation(Dmax)and the ratio of MEP terminal amplitude change to the baseline at the end of the operation(Dend)were recorded.The correlations between these two ratios and the lower extremity motor func-tion immediately after the operation and at 1 year were compared.According to the Medical Research Council muscle strength score(MRC)standard,a postoperative score increase of≥1 point compared to preoperative was defined as postoperative motor dysfunction.Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the correlations between Dmax and Dend and the lower extremity motor function immediately after the operation and at 1 year.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn to predict postoperative lower extremity motor dysfunc-tion using Dmax and Dend.Results Among the 227 patients,186 had cervical OPLL and 41 had thoracic OPLL.The incidence of lower extremity motor dysfunction immediately after the operation and at 1 year was 7 cases(3.76%)and 2 cases(1.08%)in the cervical group,and 9 cases(21.95%)and 3 cases(7.32%)in the thoracic group,respectively.The incidence of lower extremity motor dysfunction in the thoracic group was higher than that in the cervical group(P<0.001).The baseline induction rate of bilateral lower extremity MEPs was 98.92%(368/372)in the cervical group and 96.34%(79/82)in the thoracic group.The Pearson correlation coefficients of Dend with the bilateral lower extremity motor function immediately after the operation in the cervical and thoracic groups were both greater than those of Dmax,and the differences were statistically significant(cervical group:r=0.669,0.517,P=0.001 2;thoracic group:r=0.882,0.727,P=0.003 6),while the differences in the Pearson corre-lation coefficients of Dend and Dmax with the bilateral lower extremity motor function at 1 year were not statistically significant(cervical group:r=0.457,0.352,P=0.088;thoracic group:r=0.760,0.625,P=0.098).The cut-off values of Dend for the cervical group were 0.853 immediately after the operation and at 1 year,and the cut-off values of Dmax were 0.881 and 0.978,respectively.For the thoracic group,the cut-off values of Dend were 0.532 immediately after the operation and 0.639 at 1 year,and the cut-off values of Dmax were 0.532 and 0.640,respec-tively.Conclusions In OPLL surgery,the MEP monitoring strategy should be adjusted according to the surgical segment.For the cervical segment,Dmax should be emphasized to balance high sensitivity and specificity,while for the thoracic segment,Dmax or Dend can be flexibly selected.Higher MEP warning thresholds are required for cervical OPLL surgery(Dmax:0.881 immediately after the operation and 0.978 at 1 year;Dend:0.853),while significantly lower thresholds are needed for thoracic OPLL(Dmax/Dend:0.532 immediately after the operation and 0.640 at 1 year).

The technologies for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and entire process for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation were introduced,and the medical equipment configuration was summarized for each stage of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation.Detailed plans and management methods were proposed for the medical equipment configuration of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation,and relevant precautions,possible problems and solutions during the process were put forward.References were provided for medical institutions planning to carry out ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2025,46(4):63-69]

Objective To identify the taste critical quality attribute and design and optimize the flavor-correcting formulation of the traditional Chinese medicine oral preparation Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid,in order to improve its taste and enhance patient medication adherence.Methods The taste assignment method was employed to identify the taste critical quality attribute of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid.Based on human sensory evaluation and the standardized Euclidean distance in electronic tongue analysis,suitable types of corrigent were determined.Subsequently,under constraints such as maximum allowable dosage,solubility,and sweetness,the optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined using Box-Behnken experimental design combined with electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation results.The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Ethics Approval Number 2020BZYLL0609).Results The quantitative score for bitter taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid accounted for 30.36%,confirming bitterness as the taste critical quality attribute requiring attention.The optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined to be 120 mg·mL?1 erythritol,12 mg·mL?1 acesulfame potassium,and 2.4 mg·mL?1 stevioside.This formulation achieved an 11.75-point improvement in sensory evaluation scores compared to the original commercially available oral liquid.Conclusion This study successfully improved the taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid and established a comprehensive strategy for flavor-correcting formulation optimization,including a method for identifying taste critical quality attribute.This strategy provides a referential paradigm for palatability enhancement of similar traditional Chinese medicine oral preparations,laying a crucial technical foundation for elevating the clinical value of Chinese herbal medicines and promoting the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).

Objective To identify the taste critical quality attribute and design and optimize the flavor-correcting formulation of the traditional Chinese medicine oral preparation Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid,in order to improve its taste and enhance patient medication adherence.Methods The taste assignment method was employed to identify the taste critical quality attribute of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid.Based on human sensory evaluation and the standardized Euclidean distance in electronic tongue analysis,suitable types of corrigent were determined.Subsequently,under constraints such as maximum allowable dosage,solubility,and sweetness,the optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined using Box-Behnken experimental design combined with electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation results.The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Ethics Approval Number 2020BZYLL0609).Results The quantitative score for bitter taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid accounted for 30.36%,confirming bitterness as the taste critical quality attribute requiring attention.The optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined to be 120 mg·mL?1 erythritol,12 mg·mL?1 acesulfame potassium,and 2.4 mg·mL?1 stevioside.This formulation achieved an 11.75-point improvement in sensory evaluation scores compared to the original commercially available oral liquid.Conclusion This study successfully improved the taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid and established a comprehensive strategy for flavor-correcting formulation optimization,including a method for identifying taste critical quality attribute.This strategy provides a referential paradigm for palatability enhancement of similar traditional Chinese medicine oral preparations,laying a crucial technical foundation for elevating the clinical value of Chinese herbal medicines and promoting the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of combining color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) with shear wave elastography (SWE) in forecasting the likelihood of breast cancer (BC) recurrence.Methods:From Jan. 2022 to Jan. 2024, we gathered data on 92 BC patients admitted to Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Shanxi Cancer Hospital, focusing on their lesion characteristics. Each patient underwent CDU and SWE examinations pre-surgery and was monitored for a year. Based on BC recurrence, patients were categorized into recurrence and non-recurrence groups. We compared CDU imaging and hemodynamic features of BC between these groups and evaluated SWE elastic modulus values. To assess the agreement between CDU, SWE, and their combined use in predicting BC recurrence and pathological diagnosis, we employed the Kappa test. Additionally, we plotted ROC curves to analyze the predictive power of CDU, SWE, and their combination in assessing BC recurrence risk. Results:Among the 92 BC patients studied, 38 experienced recurrence, while 54 did not. CDU examination revealed that the non-recurrence group exhibited significantly larger tumor maximum diameter, higher peak systolic velocity (PSV), a higher proportion of aspect ratio ≥ 1, irregular margins, calcification, and increased vascular abundance, compared to the recurrence group ( t/ χ2=17.188, 18.491, 6.099, 15.374, 14.526, 19.318, P<0.05). Additionally, the vascular resistance index (RI) was lower in the non-recurrence group ( t=-26.429, P<0.05). SWE results indicated that the recurrence group had higher average (E mean), maximum (E max), and minimum (E min) elastic moduli compared to the non-recurrence group ( t=14.39, 12.34, 8.29, P<0.05). CDU and SWE predictions showed substantial agreement with pathological results, with Kappa values of 0.66 and 0.69, respectively ( P<0.05). The combination of CDU and SWE predictions demonstrated excellent concordance with pathological outcomes ( Kappa=0.91, P<0.05). In terms of predicting BC recurrence risk, CDU and SWE had accuracies of 83.70% and 84.21%, respectively. The ROC curve analysis showed AUC values of 0.830 for CDU, 0.847 for SWE, and 0.955 for their combination. Sensitivity was 0.870 for CDU, 0.852 for SWE, and 0.963 for the combination. Specificity was 0.789 for CDU, 0.842 for SWE, and 0.947 for the combination. Positive predictive values were 78.95% for CDU, 84.21% for SWE, and 94.74% for the combination, while negative predictive values were 87.04% for CDU, 85.19% for SWE, and 96.30% for the combination. The AUC for CDU in predicting post-operative BC recurrence risk was not significantly different from SWE ( χ2=0.04, P>0.05), but the combined prediction AUC was significantly higher than individual predictions ( χ2=8.00, 7.04, P<0.05) . Conclusion:The predictive value of CDU and SWE combined examination for the recurrence risk of BC is better than that of single examination, and it is suggested that the combined examination method should be popularized in clinic.

Objective To explore the optimal warning threshold of motor evoked potentials(MEP)in decompression surgery for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL)at cervical and thoracic segments,and the predictive role of different MEP parameters on postoperative lower extremity motor function.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 227 patients diagnosed with cervical or thoracic OPLL and underwent decompression surgery from January 2022 to January 2024 in the hospital.There were 131 males and 96 females,with an average age of(60±10)years.All patients underwent continuous neuro-physiological monitoring during the operation,and the minimum ratio of MEP amplitude change to the baseline at the beginning of the operation(Dmax)and the ratio of MEP terminal amplitude change to the baseline at the end of the operation(Dend)were recorded.The correlations between these two ratios and the lower extremity motor func-tion immediately after the operation and at 1 year were compared.According to the Medical Research Council muscle strength score(MRC)standard,a postoperative score increase of≥1 point compared to preoperative was defined as postoperative motor dysfunction.Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the correlations between Dmax and Dend and the lower extremity motor function immediately after the operation and at 1 year.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were drawn to predict postoperative lower extremity motor dysfunc-tion using Dmax and Dend.Results Among the 227 patients,186 had cervical OPLL and 41 had thoracic OPLL.The incidence of lower extremity motor dysfunction immediately after the operation and at 1 year was 7 cases(3.76%)and 2 cases(1.08%)in the cervical group,and 9 cases(21.95%)and 3 cases(7.32%)in the thoracic group,respectively.The incidence of lower extremity motor dysfunction in the thoracic group was higher than that in the cervical group(P<0.001).The baseline induction rate of bilateral lower extremity MEPs was 98.92%(368/372)in the cervical group and 96.34%(79/82)in the thoracic group.The Pearson correlation coefficients of Dend with the bilateral lower extremity motor function immediately after the operation in the cervical and thoracic groups were both greater than those of Dmax,and the differences were statistically significant(cervical group:r=0.669,0.517,P=0.001 2;thoracic group:r=0.882,0.727,P=0.003 6),while the differences in the Pearson corre-lation coefficients of Dend and Dmax with the bilateral lower extremity motor function at 1 year were not statistically significant(cervical group:r=0.457,0.352,P=0.088;thoracic group:r=0.760,0.625,P=0.098).The cut-off values of Dend for the cervical group were 0.853 immediately after the operation and at 1 year,and the cut-off values of Dmax were 0.881 and 0.978,respectively.For the thoracic group,the cut-off values of Dend were 0.532 immediately after the operation and 0.639 at 1 year,and the cut-off values of Dmax were 0.532 and 0.640,respec-tively.Conclusions In OPLL surgery,the MEP monitoring strategy should be adjusted according to the surgical segment.For the cervical segment,Dmax should be emphasized to balance high sensitivity and specificity,while for the thoracic segment,Dmax or Dend can be flexibly selected.Higher MEP warning thresholds are required for cervical OPLL surgery(Dmax:0.881 immediately after the operation and 0.978 at 1 year;Dend:0.853),while significantly lower thresholds are needed for thoracic OPLL(Dmax/Dend:0.532 immediately after the operation and 0.640 at 1 year).

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of combining color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) with shear wave elastography (SWE) in forecasting the likelihood of breast cancer (BC) recurrence.Methods:From Jan. 2022 to Jan. 2024, we gathered data on 92 BC patients admitted to Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Shanxi Cancer Hospital, focusing on their lesion characteristics. Each patient underwent CDU and SWE examinations pre-surgery and was monitored for a year. Based on BC recurrence, patients were categorized into recurrence and non-recurrence groups. We compared CDU imaging and hemodynamic features of BC between these groups and evaluated SWE elastic modulus values. To assess the agreement between CDU, SWE, and their combined use in predicting BC recurrence and pathological diagnosis, we employed the Kappa test. Additionally, we plotted ROC curves to analyze the predictive power of CDU, SWE, and their combination in assessing BC recurrence risk. Results:Among the 92 BC patients studied, 38 experienced recurrence, while 54 did not. CDU examination revealed that the non-recurrence group exhibited significantly larger tumor maximum diameter, higher peak systolic velocity (PSV), a higher proportion of aspect ratio ≥ 1, irregular margins, calcification, and increased vascular abundance, compared to the recurrence group ( t/ χ2=17.188, 18.491, 6.099, 15.374, 14.526, 19.318, P<0.05). Additionally, the vascular resistance index (RI) was lower in the non-recurrence group ( t=-26.429, P<0.05). SWE results indicated that the recurrence group had higher average (E mean), maximum (E max), and minimum (E min) elastic moduli compared to the non-recurrence group ( t=14.39, 12.34, 8.29, P<0.05). CDU and SWE predictions showed substantial agreement with pathological results, with Kappa values of 0.66 and 0.69, respectively ( P<0.05). The combination of CDU and SWE predictions demonstrated excellent concordance with pathological outcomes ( Kappa=0.91, P<0.05). In terms of predicting BC recurrence risk, CDU and SWE had accuracies of 83.70% and 84.21%, respectively. The ROC curve analysis showed AUC values of 0.830 for CDU, 0.847 for SWE, and 0.955 for their combination. Sensitivity was 0.870 for CDU, 0.852 for SWE, and 0.963 for the combination. Specificity was 0.789 for CDU, 0.842 for SWE, and 0.947 for the combination. Positive predictive values were 78.95% for CDU, 84.21% for SWE, and 94.74% for the combination, while negative predictive values were 87.04% for CDU, 85.19% for SWE, and 96.30% for the combination. The AUC for CDU in predicting post-operative BC recurrence risk was not significantly different from SWE ( χ2=0.04, P>0.05), but the combined prediction AUC was significantly higher than individual predictions ( χ2=8.00, 7.04, P<0.05) . Conclusion:The predictive value of CDU and SWE combined examination for the recurrence risk of BC is better than that of single examination, and it is suggested that the combined examination method should be popularized in clinic.