Owing to its inherent advantages—such as being non-destructive, rapid, highly molecule-specific, and minimally interfered with by moisture—Raman spectroscopy has been widely adopted in the fields of skin barrier function assessment, monitoring the transdermal penetration of active cosmetic ingredients, and the identification and quality control of cosmetic products. Despite these strengths, the practical application of this technique faces a significant bottleneck: the strong fluorescence background generated by endogenous skin components and exogenous cosmetic additives. Endogenous skin substances, such as structural proteins (e.g., collagen and elastin), metabolic coenzymes (e.g., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and pigments (e.g., melanin), together with exogenous cosmetic constituents like organic colorants, chemical sunscreens, and fragrances, often possess strong absorption and emission characteristics. When excited by lasers, these components produce a fluorescence background that can be 10⁶ to 10⁸ times stronger than the Raman scattering signals, effectively masking the inherently weak vibrational fingerprint information. In recent years, driven by the rapid development of optoelectronic hardware and artificial intelligence algorithms, fluorescence suppression strategies have evolved from isolated, single-method approaches into comprehensive, multi-level synergistic systems. These systems are categorized into three distinct tiers: sample preparation, signal acquisition, and data processing. At the sample preparation level, techniques such as photobleaching and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are employed to eliminate or bypass the generation of fluorescence at the source. At the signal acquisition level, instrumental improvements—including the use of long-wavelength near-infrared excitation (typically 785 nm or 1 064 nm), confocal spatial filtering, and shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS)— are utilized to physically isolate Raman signals from the fluorescence background. Furthermore, at the data processing level, numerical baseline correction methods such as polynomial fitting, penalized least squares (e.g., airPLS, arPLS), wavelet transform, and derivative algorithms are increasingly integrated into the analytical pipeline to extract Raman spectral features from mixed signals without increasing hardware costs or acquisition time. This review provides a systematic categorization and critical evaluation of these fluorescence suppression methods, detailing their underlying principles, technical advantages, and inherent limitations in diverse experimental setups. By focusing on critical application scenarios—including skin barrier assessment, percutaneous absorption monitoring, the routine quality control of cosmetics, and the emerging field of portable on-site detection—this paper explores the current state of technique selection and optimization. Finally, the article discusses future development trends, emphasizing the necessity of constructing adaptive, tiered suppression strategies, developing intelligent and automated data processing algorithms, and promoting the integration of portable, multi-modal diagnostic devices. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive technical reference to facilitate the transition of Raman spectroscopy from a specialized laboratory tool into a routine, robust analytical platform for advancements in skin science and cosmetic research.

Objective:To explore the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) dose reduction regimen in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its prognostic impact.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of patients with chronic-phase CML treated with reduced-dose TKI in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between January 2018 and December 2022 were collected. Patients were divided into groups based on Sokal score, European Treatment and Outcome Study long-term survival (ELTS) score, TKI drug classification and dose reduction, and treatment phase. The overall survival (OS), the cumulative incidence of major molecular response (MMR), the cumulative molecular recurrence rate and event-free survival (EFS) among patients in different strata were compared. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis.Results:Among 154 patients with chronic-phase CML, the median duration [ M ( IQR)] of reduced-dose TKI therapy was 35.4 months (34.9 months); Sokal score high-risk and low-/intermediate-risk groups comprised 20 cases (12.99%) and 134 cases (87.01%), respectively; ELTS score high-risk and low-/intermediate-risk groups comprised 14 cases (9.09%) and 140 cases (90.91%), respectively. Among 154 patients, 83 cases (53.90%) received imatinib therapy, while 71 cases (46.10%) received second-generation TKI; 138 patients (89.61%) maintained stable TKI dosing at the first dose level, and 16 patients (10.39%) maintained it at the second dose level. The induction therapy group comprised 33 patients (21.43%), while the maintenance therapy group included 121 patients (78.57%). The 3-year OS rate of all 154 patients was 90.6%. Patients in the Sokal score high-risk group demonstrated a lower 3-year OS rate compared to those in the low-/intermediate-risk group (64.1% vs. 96.7%) ( P < 0.001); patients in the ELTS score high-risk group had a lower 3-year OS rate compared to those in the low-/intermediate-risk group (62.9% vs. 95.8%) ( P = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in the 3-year OS rate of patients receiving the first dose level and those receiving the second dose level (90.6% vs. 90.0%, P = 0.478); there was no statistically significant difference in the 3-year OS rate of the induction therapy group and the maintenance therapy group (88.9% vs. 91.4%, P = 0.868). Among the 33 patients in the induction therapy group, all received the first dose level. After treatment, 28 achieved MMR, and 2 achieved molecular response 4.0 (MR4.0). The cumulative 1-year MMR rate of all patients in reduction therapy group was 95.8%, with a median time to MMR of 8.4 months; patients in the high-risk Sokal score group had a 1-year cumulative MMR rate of 50.0%, which was lower than that of the low-/intermediate-risk group (95.3%) ( P = 0.014); the median time to MMR was 14.7 months and 7.8 months, respectively. The cumulative 1-year MMR rate of patients treated with first-generation TKI was lower than that in those treated with second-generation TKI (65.0% vs. 100.0%, P = 0.034), and the median time to MMR of patients treated with first-generation TKI was longer than that those treated with second-generation TKI (9.1 months vs. 6.9 months). Among the 149 patients who achieved MMR, 5 experienced molecular relapse, resulting in a 3-year cumulative molecular relapse rate of 8.3%. In the Sokal score low-/intermediate-risk group, the 3-year cumulative molecular relapse rate (1.5% vs. 39.8%, P < 0.001), EFS rate (92.3% vs. 57.1%, P < 0.001), and OS rate (100.0% vs. 62.8%, P < 0.001) were better than those in the Sokal score high-risk group. The 3-year cumulative molecular relapse rate and 3-year EFS rate in patients receiving first dose level therapy were better than those in patients receiving second dose level therapy, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). Conclusions:Patients with chronic-phase CML can still obtain good outcomes when receiving dose-reduced TKI, while the prognosis of patients in high-risk group is relatively poor. The choice of TKI and the dosage reduction should be individualized based on patients' characteristics.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of combined lienal polypeptide injection therapy in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MPP）in children aged 3 to 14 years old in multiple clinical centers.Methods:A randomized，controlled，multi-center clinical study design was adopted.A total of 240 hospitalized children aged 3 to 14 years old with MPP from 7 hospitals from September 1，2023 to January 31，2024 were included.According to the severity of pneumonia，they were divided into the mild MPP group with 80 cases and the severe MPP/refractory MPP（SMPP/RMPP）group with 160 cases，and then randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group at a ratio of 1 ∶1，using the random number table method.After screening，subjects entered a treatment period of 5 to 7 days.The control group was treated with azithromycin，while the experimental group was treated with azithromycin plus lienal polypeptide injection .The recovery of lung CT，length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，whether mild cases developed into severe or refractory cases，duration of hormone use，use of intravenous immunoglobulin（IVIG），bronchoscopy treatment，and immune function were observed between the two groups to evaluate the efficacy of lienal polypeptide injection.Adverse events after medication，vital signs，blood routine，urine routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，and electrocardiogram were observed to evaluate the safety. Results:A total of 231 subjects have completed the trial in the 7 hospitals，including 118 cases in the experimental group and 113 cases in the control group.Main observation index：the rate of lung CT aggravation in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（2.6% vs 15.3%， P<0.01），and the difference was statistically significant.Secondary indexes：there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，the rate of cases of plastic bronchitis（PB）found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（0 vs 18.8%， P=0.03），and the difference was statistically significant.Among the mild MPP（72 cases），there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and the improvement rate of lung CT between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，compared with the control group，the rate of cases developing into SMPP/RMPP in the experimental group was less（24.3% vs 48.6%， P=0.03），and the difference in IgG before and after treatment was small［0.53（-0.04，1.18）g/L vs 1.33（0.48，2.25）g/L， P=0.01］.Among the SMPP/RMPP cases（159 cases），the rate of cases of PB found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（0 vs 20%， P=0.04），and the rate of cases with aggravated lung CT in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（1.3% vs 19.5%， P<0.01），and the improvement rate of lung CT in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group（88.8% vs 75.3%， P=0.03），with statistically significant differences.There were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.Two cases in the experimental group developed rashes，which improved after the drug was discontinued.There were no serious adverse reactions such as abnormal vital signs like dyspnea and cyanosis due to the use of lienal polypeptide injection.There were no obvious changes in blood routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，electrocardiogram，and urine routine values before and after medication compared with the baseline. Conclusion:The combined use of lienal polypeptide injection in the treatment of MPP in children can reduce the probability of the transformation from mild cases to SMPP/RMPP，reduce the rate of aggravation of the image findings，promote the absorption of lung inflammation，reduce the rate of PB found under bronchoscopy，and has good safety.

Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine, particularly its real-world outcomes. This study involved patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in mainland China with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 1, 2022, and February 28, 2023. Efficacy outcomes were all-cause mortality during hospitalization, the proportion of patients discharged with recovery, time to nucleic acid-negative conversion (T _NANC), time to symptom improvement (T _SI), and time of hospital stay (T _HS). Safety was also assessed. Among the 5884 participants identified, 1999 received azvudine, and 1999 matched controls were included after exclusion and propensity score matching. Azvudine recipients exhibited lower all-cause mortality compared with controls in the overall population (13.3% vs. 17.1%, RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.90; P = 0.001) and in the severe subgroup (25.7% vs. 33.7%; RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66-0.88; P < 0.001). A higher proportion of patients discharged with recovery, and a shorter T _NANC were associated with azvudine recipients, especially in the severe subgroup. The incidence of adverse events in azvudine recipients was comparable to that in the control group (2.3% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.170). In conclusion, azvudine showed efficacy and safety in older patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron wave in China.

The pharmaceutical industry faces challenges in quality digitization for complex multi-stage processes, especially in small-sample systems. Here, an intelligent quality prediction and diagnostic (IQPD) framework was developed and applied to Tong Ren Tang's Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, utilizing four years of data collected from four production units, covering the entire process from raw materials to finished products. In this framework, a novel path-enhanced double ensemble quality prediction model (PeDGAT) is proposed, which combines a graph attention network and path information to encode inter-unit long-range and sequential dependencies. Additionally, the double ensemble strategy enhances model stability in small samples. Compared to global traditional models, PeDGAT achieves state-of-the-art results, with an average improvement of 13.18% and 87.67% in prediction accuracy and stability on three indicators. Additionally, a more in-depth diagnostic model leveraging grey correlation analysis and expert knowledge reduces reliance on large samples, offering a panoramic view of attribute relationships across units and improving process transparency. Finally, the IQPD framework integrates into a Human-Cyber-Physical system, enabling faster decision-making and real-time quality adjustments for Tong Ren Tang's Niuhuang Qingxin Pills, a product with annual sales exceeding 100 million CNY. This facilitates the transition from experience-driven to data-driven manufacturing.

Objective To identify the taste critical quality attribute and design and optimize the flavor-correcting formulation of the traditional Chinese medicine oral preparation Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid,in order to improve its taste and enhance patient medication adherence.Methods The taste assignment method was employed to identify the taste critical quality attribute of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid.Based on human sensory evaluation and the standardized Euclidean distance in electronic tongue analysis,suitable types of corrigent were determined.Subsequently,under constraints such as maximum allowable dosage,solubility,and sweetness,the optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined using Box-Behnken experimental design combined with electronic tongue and human sensory evaluation results.The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(Ethics Approval Number 2020BZYLL0609).Results The quantitative score for bitter taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid accounted for 30.36%,confirming bitterness as the taste critical quality attribute requiring attention.The optimal taste formulation for the sugar-free intermediate of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid was determined to be 120 mg·mL?1 erythritol,12 mg·mL?1 acesulfame potassium,and 2.4 mg·mL?1 stevioside.This formulation achieved an 11.75-point improvement in sensory evaluation scores compared to the original commercially available oral liquid.Conclusion This study successfully improved the taste of Qingre Jiedu Oral Liquid and established a comprehensive strategy for flavor-correcting formulation optimization,including a method for identifying taste critical quality attribute.This strategy provides a referential paradigm for palatability enhancement of similar traditional Chinese medicine oral preparations,laying a crucial technical foundation for elevating the clinical value of Chinese herbal medicines and promoting the high-quality development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).

In this study, lipopolysaccharide(LPS), ovalbumin(OVA), and compound 48/80(C48/80) were administered to establish non-infectious pneumonia models under simulated clinical conditions, and the correlation between their pathological characteristics and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes was compared, providing the basis for the selection of appropriate animal models for TCM efficacy evaluation. An acute pneumonia model was established by nasal instillation of LPS combined with intraperitoneal injection for intensive stimulation. Three doses of OVA mixed with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant were injected intraperitoneally on days one, three, and five and OVA was administered via endotracheal drip for excitation on days 14-18 to establish an OVA-induced allergic pneumonia model. A single intravenous injection of three doses of C48/80 was adopted to establish a C48/80-induced pneumonia model. By detecting the changes in peripheral blood leukocyte classification, lung tissue and plasma cytokines, immunoglobulins(Ig), histamine levels, and arachidonic acid metabolites, the multi-dimensional analysis was carried out based on pathological evaluation. The results showed that the three models could cause pulmonary edema, increased wet weight in the lung, and obvious exudative inflammation in lung tissue pathology, especially for LPS. A number of pyrogenic cytokines, inclading interleukin(IL)-6, interferon(IFN)-γ, IL-1β, and IL-4 were significantly elevated in the LPS pneumonia model. Significantly increased levels of prostacyclin analogs such as prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and PGD2, which cause increased vascular permeability, and neutrophils in peripheral blood were significantly elevated. The model could partly reflect the clinical characteristics of phlegm heat accumulating in the lung or dampness toxin obstructing the lung. The OVA model showed that the sensitization mediators IgE and leukotriene E4(LTE4) were increased, and the anti-inflammatory prostacyclin 6-keto-PGF2α was decreased. Immune cells(lymphocytes and monocytes) were decreased, and inflammatory cells(neutrophils and basophils) were increased, reflecting the characteristics of "deficiency", "phlegm", or "dampness". Lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils were significantly increased in the C48/80 model. The phenotype of the model was that the content of histamine, a large number of prostacyclins(6-keto-PGE1, PGF2α, 15-keto-PGF2α, 6-keto-PGF1α, 13,14-D-15-keto-PGE2, PGD2, PGE2, and PGH2), LTE4, and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid(5S-HETE) was significantly increased, and these indicators were associated with vascular expansion and increased vascular permeability. The pyrogenic inflammatory cytokines were not increased. The C48/80 model reflected the characteristics of cold and damp accumulation. In the study, three non-infectious pneumonia models were constructed. The LPS model exhibited neutrophil infiltration and elevated inflammatory factors, which was suitable for the efficacy study of TCM for clearing heat, detoxifying, removing dampness, and eliminating phlegm. The OVA model, which took allergic inflammation as an index, was suitable for the efficacy study of Yiqi Gubiao formulas. The C48/80 model exhibited increased vasoactive substances(histamine, PGs, and LTE4), which was suitable for the efficacy study and evaluation of TCM for warming the lung, dispersing cold, drying dampness, and resolving phlegm. The study provides a theoretical basis for model selection for the efficacy evaluation of TCM in the treatment of pneumonia.
Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice ; Pneumonia/genetics* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Male ; Humans ; Cytokines/immunology* ; Female ; Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects* ; Lung/drug effects* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ovalbumin ; Mice, Inbred BALB C

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion is one of the most commonly used supportive treatments for children with hematological diseases. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in children with aplastic anemia, thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the blood transfusion provisions for children with hematological diseases in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to assist in the understanding and implementing the blood transfusion section of this guideline.
Humans ; Child ; Hematologic Diseases/therapy* ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is highly complex and challenging. This guideline provides recommendations on transfusion thresholds and the selection of blood components for these children. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the transfusion provisions for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and implementation of the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion".
Humans ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Child ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Critically ill children often present with anemia and have a higher demand for transfusions compared to other pediatric patients. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in cases of general critical illness, septic shock, acute brain injury, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, non-life-threatening bleeding, and hemorrhagic shock. This article interprets the background and evidence of the blood transfusion provisions for critically ill and severely bleeding children in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to enhance understanding and implementation of this aspect of the guidelines. Citation:Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2025, 27(4): 395-403.
Humans ; Critical Illness ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Child ; Hemorrhage/therapy* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic