Employing bibliometric methods and adhering to principles of textual research， this study systematically investigated prescription source， formula name， composition evolution， dose evolution， origin， processing， ancient and modern applications of Xiaofengsan. Xiaofengsan， also known as Renshen Xiaofengsan and Chantui Xiaofengsan， was first recorded in the Taiping Huimin Hejijufang（hereafter referred to as Jufang） of the Southern Song dynasty. The formula composition included Schizonepetae Spica， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Chuanxiong Rhizoma， Notoptery Rhizoma et Radix， Bombyx Batryticatus， Saposhnikoviae Radix， Poria， Cicadae Periostracum， Pogostemonis Herba， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium， a total of 12 medicinal materials. In terms of the evolution of formula composition， formulas across dynasties largely aligned with those recorded in Jufang， with only minor variations in application. The results of the formula dosage research indicated that one dose of medication in Jufang corresponded to the following modern dosages：Schizonepetae Spica of 82.6 g， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Chuanxiong Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Notoptery Rhizoma et Radix of 82.6 g， Bombyx Batryticatus of 82.6 g， Saposhnikoviae Radix of 82.6 g， Poria of 82.6 g， Cicadae Periostracum of 82.6 g， Pogostemonis Herba of 82.6 g， Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma of 82.6 g， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex of 20.65 g and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium of 20.65 g， the origins of all the constituent drugs were consistent with the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The results of the investigation into the decoction method indicated that the aforementioned drugs should be finely ground into powder（pass through the No.5 sieve）， and 8.26 g was taken for each dose， which was taken with the clear liquid obtained by steeping tea leaves in boiling water for several minutes. This mixture was administered three times daily， 30 min after meals. The ancient functional indications of this formula mainly involved dispelling wind-heat， eliminating pathogenic factors and regulating the middle Jiao. It primarily treated all wind-heat syndromes manifesting as skin diseases， predominantly affecting the upper body， especially the head and face. The diseases involved in modern applications were mostly dermatological diseases， including urticaria， eczema， atopic dermatitis and others. In this paper， by combing the relevant ancient literature， the key information of Xiaofengsan was textual researched， in order to provide reference for the modern application and development of this formula.

Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor of the male genitourinary system in China, with a persistently elevated incidence rate.Given the insidious onset, propensity for metastasis in advanced stages, and poor efficacy of traditional treatments, new hormone therapies have garnered increasing attention in recent years.A number of clinical studies have demonstrated that second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors (SGARIs), including enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, and rezvilutamide, can be beneficial in different stages of advanced prostate cancer.Furthermore, their early application has been shown to delay disease progression while maintaining a controlled safety profile.At present, SGARIs have increasingly become the primary therapeutic agents for advanced prostate cancer in various stages.This article reviews the clinical research progress of SGARIs in recent years, with the aim of offering valuable clinical reference for clinicians.

Da Chaihutang， first recorded in Shanghanlun by Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han dynasty， is composed of eight medicinal herbs， namely Bupleuri Radix， Scutellariae Radix， Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， Aurantii Fructus Immaturus， Paeoniae Radix Alba， Pinelliae Rhizoma， Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and Jujubae Fructus. It features a well-defined hierarchy of sovereign， minister， assistant， and courier ingredients. The prescription is characterized by its balanced compatibility， mutually restrained cold and warm properties， and combined use of harmonizing and purging therapeutic strategies. As a renowned classical formula indicated for harmonizing Shaoyang and purging internal heat accumulation， it is the core prescription for the treatment of Shaoyang-Yangming combined disease. A comprehensive review of modern research literature on Da Chaihutang reveals that its chemical composition is notably diverse. The core pharmacologically active material bases of its constituent single herbs have been clearly identified， including saikosaponins from Bupleuri Radix， flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix， anthraquinones from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， flavonoids and alkaloids from Aurantii Fructus Immaturus， monoterpene glycosides from Paeoniae Radix Alba， alkaloids and organic acids from Pinelliae Rhizoma， gingerols from Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， and polysaccharides and triterpenoid acids from Jujubae Fructus. In the compound formula， a total of 163 chemical constituents have been comprehensively identified， among which flavonoids and their glycosides constitute the most abundant component category. Flavonoids and their glycosides， monoterpene glycosides， and pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins are regarded as the core pharmacologically active substances of the whole formula. In addition， 9 potential quality markers that can comprehensively characterize the overall quality and core therapeutic efficacy of the whole formula have been screened out. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the pharmacological effects of Da Chaihutang exhibit synergistic characteristics involving multiple components， multiple targets， and multiple pathways. Its core pharmacological activities encompass the regulation of digestive system disorders， including pancreatic protection， intervention in biliary tract diseases， and protection of gastrointestinal mucosa； intervention in hepatobiliary diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cholestatic liver injury； and regulation of metabolic disorders such as hypoglycemic effect， improvement of insulin resistance， and regulation of lipid metabolism. Furthermore， it also possesses multiple pharmacological activities， including intervention in atherosclerosis， regulation of immune and inflammatory responses， multi-organ protection， and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect. In modern clinical practice， Da Chaihutang and its modified formulas are mostly used in combination with conventional Western medical regimens. They have demonstrated notable therapeutic advantages in the treatment of digestive system diseases such as cholecystitis， acute pancreatitis， cholelithiasis， and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease， but also have shown definite curative efficacy in the management of diseases affecting multiple other systems， including cardiovascular， endocrine， dermatological， reproductive， respiratory， neurological， urinary， pediatric， and immune systems. These combined applications can effectively improve the overall clinical response rate， shorten the time to symptom relief， and reduce both the disease recurrence rate and the incidence of adverse reactions. This review systematically summarized the formula compatibility， chemical constituents， pharmacological mechanisms， and modern clinical applications of Da Chaihutang and its modified formulas， to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the secondary development of classic formulas， the research and development of new drugs， and the precise and safe clinical application of this classical prescription.

OBJECTIVE To provide evidence for further improving the rules governing the renewal round of national centralized drug procurement with volume-based purchasing （VBP） program for insulin.METHODS Based on publicly available policy documents， selection outcomes， and interview data， policy text analysis， descriptive statistical analysis， the Wilcoxon signed-rank test， and thematic analysis were used to compare the procurement rules and selection outcomes between the initial and renewal rounds of the national VBP programs for insulin， and to examine the mechanisms linking rule adjustments to changes in selection outcomes.RESULTS Compared with the initial round， the renewal round retained the six procurement groups and 11 bidding units， reduced the maximum valid bid price by 40%， and introduced competitive bidding selection， revival selection， and a price line for Category A products. A total of 42 products were selected in the initial round and 49 in the renewal round， including 37 that remained selected， 5 that exited， and 12 that were newly selected in the renewal round. Within the same procurement groups， the price range decreased significantly in the renewal round compared with the initial round （ P ＝0.031）， whereas the difference in average price between the two was not statistically significant （ P ＝0.063）. Domestic manufacturers were more likely to enter the A1 category， whereas multinational manufacturers were more likely to remain in categories B/C. Mechanism analysis suggested that the price line shaped the boundary of selected prices， while the classification and volume-allocation rules linked manufacturers’ bidding decisions to expected procurement volumes， potentially altering bidding incentives and corresponding to changes in the distribution of selection outcomes.CONCLUSIONS The renewal round of the insulin VBP program established an interrelated mechanism involving price boundaries， volume-based incentives， and supply constraints through the use of price lines， product classification， and contracted volume allocation. These rule adjustments corresponded to changes in the structure of selected products， price distributions， and manufacturer classifications. Future policy refinement should strengthen the coordination among reasonable price ranges， volume-based incentives， and supply performance.

Albumin is the most abundant protein in human plasma， and in addition to the function of maintaining plasma colloid osmotic pressure， it also has the functions of material transport， detoxification， maintaining vascular integrity， antioxidation， anti-inflammation， and immune modulation. In the field of liver disease， albumin is mainly used to prevent circulatory dysfunction after large-volume paracentesis and treat cirrhotic hypoalbuminemia and ascites， spontaneous bacterial peritonitis， and hepatorenal syndrome. The development of recombinant human serum albumin helps to reduce the potential biosafety risks of human serum albumin products and the disadvantages of relying heavily on import. Due to the lack of reference to the results of pivotal clinical trials of marketed human albumin products， there are still various challenges in the design， implementation， and evaluation of clinical trials of human albumin. Therefore， experts in pharmaceutical enterprises， clinical medicine， methodology， and evaluation/supervision are needed to be pragmatic， innovative and collaborative.

In the context of aging population, the issue of polypharmacy among elderly patients with mental disorders has become increasingly prominent.Cognitive decline and depressive symptoms render these patients more vulnerable to medication-related risks, while poorly managed physical illnesses further complicate their treatment.To address these challenges, this paper proposes a series of management strategies that emphasize the critical role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews.A comprehensive assessment of drug risks, benefits, and patient adherence is essential.The proposed strategies not only require careful consideration of patients' clinical needs and individual preferences but also highlight the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration to reach a consensus on medication therapy.The use of clinical decision support systems as an auxiliary tool is recommended to enhance the scientific rigor of medication decision-making.Furthermore, pharmacists can optimize medication regimens through scientifically validated methods and promote patient or family involvement in self-management to improve acceptance and adherence to treatment adjustments.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) poses a significant public health challenge in China due to its high prevalence and substantial disease burden. Primary healthcare institutions (PHIs) serve as the cornerstone for COPD prevention and management. However, they currently face critical challenges, including inadequate diagnostic capacity, suboptimal treatment standardization, and limited patient awareness. In recent years, national efforts have initiated the development of a primary-level COPD prevention and management network. Key strategies include incorporating COPD into the Fundamental Public Health Service Program (FPHSP), strengthening lung function screening, promoting tiered diagnosis and treatment systems, establishing central-local coordination mechanisms, and implementing National Major Public Health Service Programs. Future directions necessitate focused efforts on: constructing integrated prevention and treatment models; optimizing the two-way referral system; enhancing screening for high-risk populations; leveraging digital health empowerment; and establishing a multi-dimensional quality evaluation system. These concerted actions are essential to build a comprehensive, high-quality COPD healthcare management system within primary care settings, ultimately contributing to the goals of the Healthy China Initiative (2019-2030).

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP)combined with the Evaluation of Guidelines in Syncope Study(EGSYS)score for cardiogenic syncope(CS), and to provide evidence for rapid clinical identification of high-risk patients.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed 366 patients with syncope hospitalized in the department of cardiovascular medicine of Beijing Hospital from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022.Based on the international guideline diagnostic criteria, the patients were categorized into four groups: neutrally mediated reflex syncope(NMS)group, orthostatic hypotension(OH)group, cardiogenic syncope(CS)group, and syncope of unknown origin(US)group.BNP levels were measured at admission and EGSYS scores were calculated.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic efficacy of individual and combined indices for CS.Results:A total of 366 syncope patients were included, among which 70 patients(19.1%)were diagnosed with NMS, 25 patients(6.8%)with OH, 44 patients(12.0%)with CS, and 227 patients(62.0%)with US.Patients in the CS group had significantly higher BNP levels and EGSYS scores compared to those in the NMS, OH, and US groups(all P<0.001). The AUC of EGSYS score for diagnosing CS was 0.783(95% CI: 0.711-0.855), while the AUC of BNP level for diagnosing CS was 0.805(95% CI: 0.727-0.884). When BNP level was combined with EGSYS score, diagnostic performance was significantly improved, with the AUC increasing to 0.855(95% CI: 0.792-0.918). Conclusions:The combination of BNP and EGSYS score significantly can improve the diagnostic accuracy of cardiogenic syncope, providing a practical diagnostic strategy for the early identification of high-risk syncope patients in clinical practice.

Objective To analyze the relationship of capillary index score(CIS)with postoperative outcome in the patients with middle cerebral artery(MCA)M1 segment stenosis after endovascu-lar stent implantation.Methods A total of 122 eligible patients in our hospital from April 2021 to April 2023 were retrospectively recruited,and according to postoperative status,they were classi-fied into a good prognosis group(89 cases)and a poor prognosis group(33 cases).The clinical data were collected,and the preoperative and postoperative CIS values were evaluated.Spearman correlation analysis was applied to analyze the correlation of CIS with prognosis of the patients.ROC curve was plotted to evaluate the value of CIS in predicting postoperative prognosis,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to analyze the factors affecting the postopera-tive prognosis.Results The poor prognosis group exhibited significantly lower CIS,and larger proportions of aged ≥75 years,diabetes and history of stroke than the good prognosis group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Spearman correlation analysis found that CIS was positively correlated with prog-nosis after endovascular stent implantation in the patients with MCA M1 segment stenosis(r=0.446,P=0.000).ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC,cut-off value,sensitivity and speci-ficity of CIS in predicting the postoperative outcomes in these patients was 0.790(95％CI:0.706-0.858),2.17,84.85％and 66.29％,respectively(P＜0.05).Multivariate logistic analysis suggested that age ≥75 years,history of stroke,and concurrent diabetes were high risk factors for poor prognosis in the patients after endovascular stent implantation(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and CIS was a protective factor(OR=0.439,95％CI:0.294-0.655,P=0.000).Conclusion CIS is closely correlated with the prognosis of patients with MCA M1 segment stenosis after endovascular stent implantation.Early evaluation of CIS can provide certain predictive value for postoperative out-comes of these patients.

Food safety problems caused by foodborne pathogenic bacteria pose a serious threat to public health,creating an urgent need to develop testing methods and techniques with excellent performance and are simple to use and of affordable cost.Traditional testing methods,such as isolation and culture,morphological observation,biochemical identification,and serological tests,have many limitations,including complex procedures,reliance on specialized technical equipment and personnel,and long turnaround time,rendering them inadequate for meeting current and future testing demands.Therefore,it is particularly important to develop simple,rapid,and highly sensitive methods for analyzing pathogenic bacteria.The fusion of nucleic acid aptamers and nanozymes brings new ideas for the rapid testing of pathogenic bacteria.On one hand,aptamers offer specific recognition capability for target bacteria and can be combined with various nucleic acid signal amplification techniques.On the other hand,the enzyme-like catalytic activity and signal amplification effect of many nanomaterials provide a basis for highly sensitive testing.This review highlights the application potential of nanozyme?aptamer coupling systems in the field of microbial analysis by briefly summarizing the latest research progress in the use of nanozymes combined with aptamers for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.First of all,two main approaches to conjugating nanozymes with aptamers are introduced.Then,the testing mechanisms and typical applications of nanozyme?aptamer coupling systems for foodborne pathogenic bacteria are discussed.Finally,future development trends and existing challenges are disucssed from four perspectives,including specificity,high sensitivity,high throughput,and intelligent detection.This review aims to provide a useful reference for the fusion of nanozymes and aptamers and for the development of on-site rapid testing techniques for foodborne pathogens,and to encourage broader academic interest to further advance this promising research field.