In recent years,the incidence of heat-related diseases has been on a steady upward trend,which is closely associated with environmental factors such as climate change and air pollution.Exposure to a hot environment and/or strenuous physical activities can progress to heat stroke(HS),an acute disease that can lead to death.Current research indicates that gut injury occupies the most crucial initiating position in the pathophysiological changes and pathogenesis of HS.Probiotics can reduce the incidence and mortality of HS through maintaining the health of the gut microbiota,regulating the intestinal immune system,and other effects.In addition,the gut microbiota can construct axis systems to interact with multiple organs such as the liver,lungs,and brain,which is of great significance for alleviating the damage to distant organs caused by HS.This paper reviews the regulation of the gut microbiota by probiotics to improve the intestinal heat tolerance ability and barrier function,aiming to provide references for the prevention and treatment of heat stroke in clinical practice.

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is a new neurophysiologic mechanism regulating the immune system, with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) being its potential pharmacological target. Cumulative studies have demonstrated that activation of α7nAChR can inhibit inflammation through modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. The role of α7nAChR has been confirmed in a series of inflammatory diseases. This review is aimed to provide new insights for using a7nAChR against inflammatory diseases.