Pediatric differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), mostly papillary thyroid cancer (PTC, 80-90%), are diagnosed at more advanced stages with larger tumor sizes and higher rates of locoregional and/or lung metastasis. Despite the higher recurrence rates of pediatric cancers than of adult thyroid cancers, pediatric patients demonstrate a lower mortality rate and more favorable prognosis. Considering the more advanced stage at diagnosis in pediatric patients, preoperative evaluation is crucial to determine the extent of surgery required. Furthermore, if hereditary tumor syndrome is suspected, genetic testing is required. Recommendations for pediatric DTCs focus on the surgical principles, radioiodine therapy according to the postoperative risk level, treatment and follow-up of recurrent or persistent diseases, and treatment of patients with radioiodine-refractory PTCs on the basis of genetic drivers that are unique to pediatric patients.

Differentiated thyroid cancer demonstrates a wide range of clinical presentations, from very indolent cases to those with an aggressive prognosis. Therefore, diagnosing and treating each cancer appropriately based on its risk status is important. The Korean Thyroid Association (KTA) has provided and amended the clinical guidelines for thyroid cancer management since 2007. The main changes in this revised 2024 guideline include 1) individualization of surgical extent according to pathological tests and clinical findings, 2) application of active surveillance in low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, 3) indications for minimally invasive surgery, 4) adoption of World Health Organization pathological diagnostic criteria and definition of terminology in Korean, 5) update on literature evidence of recurrence risk for initial risk stratification, 6) addition of the role of molecular testing, 7) addition of definition of initial risk stratification and targeting thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations according to ongoing risk stratification (ORS), 8) addition of treatment of perioperative hypoparathyroidism, 9) update on systemic chemotherapy, and 10) addition of treatment for pediatric patients with thyroid cancer.

PURPOSE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a common cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Early identification of patients with SAH induced OHCA may be helpful to emergency physicians when making therapeutic decisions. We conducted an investigation of the incidence and characteristics of patients with OHCA caused by non-traumatic SAH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of 236 OHCA survivors who had visited the emergency department (ED) of an urban tertiary care university hospital from January 2004 to December 2010. We excluded patients for whom there was an obvious cause or trauma. Clinical characteristics of SAH induced OHCA survivors were compared with those of SAH negative OHCA survivors. RESULTS: A total of 26 patients (19.11%) had been diagnosed with SAH. Compared with SAH negative survivors, SAH positive survivors were more likely to be female (odds ratio OR, 1.262; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.300-9.605), not to have Diabetes mellitus (OR, 0.180; 95% CI, 0.037-0.879), and to have a short duration of CPR time (OR, 1.074; 95% CI, 1.003-1.150). Results of the Cardiac Troponin T assay were less likely to be positive in patients with SAH induced OHCA, compared to those with SAH negative OHCA (OR, 0.071; 95% CI, 0.008-0.526). CONCLUSION: SAH is a more frequent cause of OHCA than originally believed. Immediate brain CT scan is useful in diagnosis of SAH when patient characteristics include: female, non diabetes mellitus, short duration of CPR time, or negative TnT.
Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest ; Retrospective Studies ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Survivors ; Tertiary Healthcare ; Trinitrotoluene ; Troponin T

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders complicating pregnancy. It is associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy including obstetrical complications such as increased rate of cesarean section, preeclampsia, and birth trauma, and perinatal morbidities, such as macrosomia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, screening for gestational diabetes mellitus and early diagnosis of this condition allows intervention to be carried out, thereby, the reduction of the untoward effects mentioned above can be minimized. But selective screening based on clinical or historic risk factors has been reported ineffective to identify the women with GDM. BACKGROUND: Circulating sex hormones have a role in the development of insulin resistance associated with certain physiological states including hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome. Throughout pregnancy, normal human pregnancy is a hyperestrogenic state of major proportions. To evaluate the clinical correlation between Gestational diabetes mellitus and unconjugated estriol, we used it to screening protocol using three biochemical markers for unconjugated estriol levels. METHODS: In our retrospective between January 2002 and December 2003 at Korea university medical center, 137 women were screened for three biochemical tests and 50 gm Glucose challenge test at second trimester of pregnancy. The 50 gm GCT positive (n=56) women were performed 100 gm oral glucose tolerance test and by NDDG diagnosic criteria, women were diagnosed as Gestational diabetes mellitus (n=42). RESULTS: With logistic regression analysis, the significant risk factors were family history of DM (odd ration 16.59 95% CI 2.66-103.52), previous macrosomia birth (odd ratio 9.02 95% CI 1.98-41.6), maternal BMI (odd ratio 1.29 95% CI 1.09-1.49), parity (odd ratio 0.31 95% CI 0.11-0.83), glucosuria (odd ratio 0.68 95% CI 0.26-1.76) and among three biochemical test, estriol (odd ratio 1.60 95% CI 0.49-5.27), AFP (odd ratio 1.35 95% CI 0.35-5.28), hCG (odd ratio 0.59 95% CI 0.27-1.28). CONCLUSION: The screening test of GDM would be preferable and intensified management approach needed for patients with obesity, previous macrosomia birth. In three biochemical test, estriol and AFP levels were elevated in GDM but these odd ratio were not statistically significant.
Academic Medical Centers ; Biomarkers ; Cesarean Section ; Diabetes, Gestational* ; Early Diagnosis ; Estriol* ; Female ; Glucose ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Hyperandrogenism ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin Resistance ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Mass Screening ; Obesity ; Parity ; Parturition ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors