Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the eye lens and hand dose levels of interventional radiology workers in Baoji City, China, and to provide data reference for radiation protection. Methods In two general hospitals, the eye lens and finger doses of 121 interventional radiology workers were monitored between 2021 and 2023. The average annual dose levels and dose distribution were analyzed based on years, job positions, surgical sites, and duties during surgery. Results The average annual dose to the eye lens was 3.36 mSv, with the highest dose of 16.36 mSv. The average annual dose to the fingers was 3.38 mSv, with the highest dose of 17.72 mSv. The average annual dose to the eye lens and fingers decreased from 2021 to 2023. The average annual dose to the eye lens of the interventional surgeons was higher than those of the technicians and nurses, while the average annual dose to the fingers of the interventional surgeons was higher than that of the technicians. The average annual doses to the eye lens and fingers of the first operator were similar to those of the second operator, but both were higher than other personnel involved in the interventional surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There were linear regression relationships between the annual doses to the eye lens and fingers and the effective whole-body dose of the interventional radiology workers. A paired test was conducted on the annual dose to the eye lens and fingers of the interventional workers for different surgical sites. The cardiovascular and peripheral vascular interventional workers had higher average annual doses to the eye lens than to the fingers, the cerebrovascular interventional workers had a higher average annual dose to the fingers than to the eye lens, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusion The annual doses to the eye lens and fingers of the interventional radiology workers in Baoji City were lower than the national limits. However, some workers showed eye lens annual doses close to the new international standard limit (20 mSv). Special attention should be given to interventional physicians, especially the first and second surgeons.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinically isolated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in hospitals across China from 2015 to 2021,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents.Methods Data of H.influenzae and M.catarrhalis strains isolated from 2015 to 2021 in CHINET program were collected for analysis,and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method or automated systems according to the uniform protocol of CHINET.The results were interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints in 2022.Beta-lactamases was detected by using nitrocefin disk.Results From 2015 to 2021,a total of 43 642 strains of Haemophilus species were isolated,accounting for 2.91％of the total clinical isolates and 4.07％of Gram-negative bacteria in CHINET program.Among the 40 437 strains of H.influenzae,66.89％were isolated from children and 33.11％were isolated from adults.More than 90％of the H.influenzae strains were isolated from respiratory tract specimens.The prevalence of β-lactamase was 53.79％in H.influenzae strains.The H.influenzae strains isolated from children showed higher resistance rate than the strains isolated from adults.Overall,779 strains of H.influenzae did not produce β-lactamase but were resistant to ampicillin(BLNAR).Beta-lactamase-producing strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to these antimicrobial agents than the β-lactamase-nonproducing strains.Of the 16 191 M.catarrhalis strains,80.06％were isolated from children and 19.94％isolated from adults.M.catarrhalis strains were mostly susceptible to both amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cefuroxime,evidenced by resistance rate lower than 2.0％.Conclusions The emergence of antibiotic-resistant H.influenzae due to β-lactamase production poses a challenge for clinical anti-infective treatment.Therefore,it is very important to implement antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae and guide rational antibiotic use.All local clinical microbiology laboratories should actively improve antibiotic susceptibility testing and strengthen antibiotic resistance surveillance for H.influenzae.

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS)in children from Lubei district of Tangshan City from 2020 to 2024.Methods A total of 964 children were identified by multi-segment stratified cluster sampling.A questionnaire survey was conducted on all subjects,and the recovery rate of the questionnaire was 98.0%,with 945 samples recovered.The detection rates of MS in different populations were compared,and risk factors of MS in children were analysed by Logistic regression analysis.Results In 945 children,49(5.19%)had MS,and there was no significant difference in detection rate between different genders of children(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in blood pressure[systolic blood pressure(SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)],blood lipid[triglycerides(TG)and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)]between children ages 7 to 10 years old and 11 to 14 years old(P>0.05).The values of total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and waist circumference(WC)were higher in boys aged 11-14 than those in girls(P＜0.05).The proportion of body weight and obesity,the proportion of physical activity time＜10 h/week,the proportion of family history of hypertension and WC level were higher in the MS group than those in the non-MS group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that weight obesity,physical activity time＜10 h/week,family history of hypertension and high WC value were independent risk factors for MS in children(P＜0.05).Conclusion Obesity,family history of hypertension,time spent in physical activity and higher WC are strongly associated with the development of MS in children,and clinical attention should be paid to them.

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS)in children from Lubei district of Tangshan City from 2020 to 2024.Methods A total of 964 children were identified by multi-segment stratified cluster sampling.A questionnaire survey was conducted on all subjects,and the recovery rate of the questionnaire was 98.0%,with 945 samples recovered.The detection rates of MS in different populations were compared,and risk factors of MS in children were analysed by Logistic regression analysis.Results In 945 children,49(5.19%)had MS,and there was no significant difference in detection rate between different genders of children(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in blood pressure[systolic blood pressure(SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)],blood lipid[triglycerides(TG)and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)]between children ages 7 to 10 years old and 11 to 14 years old(P>0.05).The values of total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and waist circumference(WC)were higher in boys aged 11-14 than those in girls(P＜0.05).The proportion of body weight and obesity,the proportion of physical activity time＜10 h/week,the proportion of family history of hypertension and WC level were higher in the MS group than those in the non-MS group(P＜0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that weight obesity,physical activity time＜10 h/week,family history of hypertension and high WC value were independent risk factors for MS in children(P＜0.05).Conclusion Obesity,family history of hypertension,time spent in physical activity and higher WC are strongly associated with the development of MS in children,and clinical attention should be paid to them.

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution and seasonal fluctuations of visceral leishmaniasis vectors sandflies in Henan Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis vectors. Methods A total of 23 counties (districts) were sampled from 18 cities of Henan Province from May to September, 2023 as sandfly surveillance sites, and sandflies were captured using human capture and light trapping methods. Following morphological identification, the changes in the sandfly density were calculated at different months and in different breeding habitats. Results A total of 406 light traps were set at sandfly surveillance sites in Henan Province from May to September, 2023, and a total of 3 137 female sandlies were captured, with an average density of 7.73 sandlies/(light·night). A total of 1 494 Phlebotomus chinensis sandflies were captured, including 1 222 female sandflies, with an average density of 3.01 sandflies/(light·night), and the highest density of P. chinensis was found in Gongyi City [17.00 sandflies/(light·night)]. A total of 5 544 sandflies were captured using the human capture method, including 230 P. chinensis, and the density of P. chinensis appeared a unimodal distribution, with a peak in early July [5.81 sandflies/(light·night)]. Among different breeding habitats, the highest P. chinensis density was detected in pigpens [4.50 sandflies/(light·night)]. Conclusions P. chinensis was predominantly distributed in hilly areas of northern and central-western Henan Province in 2023, and the sandfly density appeared a unimodal distribution. Intensified monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis vectors is recommended.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Henan Province, so as to provide insights into formulation of the visceral leishmaniasis control srtrategy. Methods All epidemiological data of reported visceral leishmaniasis cases in Henan Province from 2021 to 2023 were retrieved from the National Notifiable Disease Report Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the epidemiological features and diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis cases were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 93 visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2021 to 2023, with a male to female ratio of 2.58∶1, and including 2 imported cases from other provinces and 91 local cases. The number of visceral leishmaniasis cases peaked during the period between March and May, and between July and October. The reported visceral leishmaniasis cases had ages of 7 months to 74 years, with the largest number of cases found at ages of 0 to 9 years (26 cases, 27.96%), followed by at ages of 60 to 70 years (24 cases, 25.81%). Farmer (47 cases, 50.54%) and diaspora children (19 cases, 20.43%) were predominant occupations, and 91 local visceral leishmaniasis cases were found in 6 cities of Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Anyang, Hebi, Sanmenxia and Xuchang. The median duration from onset of visceral leishmaniasis to diagnosis was 20 days, and there were 25.81% (24/93) cases with 10 days and less duration from onset to diagnosis, 38.71% (36/93) cases receiving diagnosis at 11 to 30 days following onset, and 35.48% (33/93) cases receiving diagnosis for more than 30 days following onset. All cases were predominantly diagnosed in province- (60.00%) and city-level (28.89%) medical institutions. Conclusions The number of visceral leishmaniasis is on the rise in Henan Province, with a gradually expanding coverage. Intensified monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis cases, dogs, and vectors, dog management, sandflies control and improved individual protection are recommended to prevent the spread of visceral leishmaniasis.

Objective To monitor the susceptibility of clinical isolates to antimicrobial agents in healthcare facilities in major regions of China in 2023.Methods Clinical isolates collected from 73 hospitals across China were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a unified protocol based on disc diffusion method or automated testing systems.Results were interpreted using the 2023 Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints.Results A total of 445199 clinical isolates were collected in 2023,of which 29.0％ were gram-positive and 71.0％ were gram-negative.The prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains in Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (excluding Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus schleiferi) (MRSA,MRSE and MRCNS) was 29.6％,81.9％ and 78.5％,respectively.Methicillin-resistant strains showed significantly higher resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents than methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA,MSSE and MSCNS).Overall,92.9％ of MRSA strains were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 91.4％ of MRSE strains were susceptible to rifampicin.No vancomycin-resistant strains were found.Enterococcus faecalis had significantly lower resistance rates to most antimicrobial agents tested than Enterococcus faecium.A few vancomycin-resistant strains were identified in both E.faecalis and E.faecium.The prevalence of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae was 93.1％ in the isolates from children and and 95.9％ in the isolates from adults.The resistance rate to carbapenems was lower than 15.0％ for most Enterobacterales species except for Klebsiella,22.5％ and 23.6％ of which were resistant to imipenem and meropenem,respectively .Most Enterobacterales isolates were highly susceptible to tigecycline,colistin and polymyxin B,with resistance rates ranging from 0.6％ to 10.0％.The resistance rate to imipenem and meropenem was 21.9％ and 17.4％ for Pseudomonas aeruginosa,respectively,and 67.5％ and 68.1％ for Acinetobacter baumannii,respectively.Conclusions Increasing resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents is still observed in clinical bacterial isolates.However,the prevalence of important crabapenem-resistant organisms such as crabapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae,P.aeruginosa,and A.baumannii showed a slightly decreasing trend.This finding suggests that strengthening bacterial resistance surveillance and multidisciplinary linkage are important for preventing the occurrence and development of bacterial resistance.

Objective To investigate the effect of wearing dual-focus soft contact lenses(DFSCL)on the visual performance of school-age children.Methods In this randomized controlled clinical trial,64 children aged 8 to 12 years with spherical equivalent refraction between-0.75 D and-4.00 D were recruited in our hospital in October 2022.Using the envelope method,the subjects were evenly and randomly assigned to the control group wearing single vision spectacles(SVS)or the intervention group wearing MiSight dual-focus soft contact lenses(DFSCL)from CooperVision.Follow-up examinations were conducted once every 3 months.The corrected visual acuity,contrast sensitivity function(CSF),and the scores for National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument-42(NEI-RQL-42)were compared between the control and intervention groups.Results By December 2023,a total of 58 subjects completed follow-up(30 in the SVS group and 28 in the DFSCL group).No significant difference in corrected visual acuity was observed between subjects wearing DFSCL and those wearing SVS.The CSF of the DFSCL group was comparable to that of the SVS group across the spatial frequencies of 3,6,12,and 18 cpd(P＞0.05).According to the results of the NEI-RQL-42 survey at the 6-month follow-up,the score for ocular discomfort symptoms was 89±14 in the SVS group and 79±16 in the DFSCL group(P=0.008),reflecting that the DFSCL group had a 12.66％higher level of discomfort.For appearance,the score was 70±32 in the SVS group and 92±22 in the DFSCL group(P=0.002),showing a 31.43％improvement in the DFSCL group.Conclusion In addition to providing the normal visual acuity and CSF,wearing MiSight DFSCL also leads to better satisfaction with the appearance.

Objective:To investigate the indoor radon concentrations and to analyze their seasonal variations in urban and rural residential dwellings in Ningxia province.Methods:From March 2022 to March 2023, based on the administrative region division and population distribution in Ningxia, a total of 143 typical residential dwellings, including 82 urban houses and 61 rural houses, were selected to measure indoor radon concentration by CR-39 solid nuclear track detectors for 1 year in Ningxia, with detectors changed every 3 months.Results:The annual average indoor radon concentration in Ningxia was 88 Bq/m 3, range 39-226 Bq/m 3. The annual average indoor radon concentration was below 100 Bq/m 3 for 69.9% of the measured dwellings, and below 300 Bq/m 3 for all of surveyed dwellings. Indoor radon concentrations in rural areas were much higher than those in urban areas ( Z=5.85, P<0.05). Indoor radon concentration varied significantly with the seasons, higher in autumn and winter, but lower in spring and summer, in total ( χ2=63.97, P<0.05), urban ( χ2=24.74, P<0.05), and rural ( χ2=43.15, P<0.05). Conclusion:The annual average indoor radon concentrations in all the measured dwellings are below the reference level of 300 Bq/m 3 recommended by Indoor Air Quality Standard (GB/T 18883-2022) in China.