With the advancement of the times and technology, the proportion of early gastric cancer has been increasing year by year, and its treatment methods have shifted towards more minimally invasive approaches, with better function-preserving and postoperative quality of life. Function-preserving surgery has gradually become the mainstream surgical option for early gastric cancer. Function-preserving surgeries mainly include segmental gastrectomy, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, local gastrectomy, and sentinel lymph node navigation surgery. Although significant progress has been made in various function-preserving surgeries in recent years, there are still controversies regarding the selection of surgical indications, assessment of tumor radicality, surgical safety, and postoperative gastric function evaluation. Further high-quality evidence-based research is still needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of function-preserving surgery for early gastric cancer.

With the advancement of the times and technology, the proportion of early gastric cancer has been increasing year by year, and its treatment methods have shifted towards more minimally invasive approaches, with better function-preserving and postoperative quality of life. Function-preserving surgery has gradually become the mainstream surgical option for early gastric cancer. Function-preserving surgeries mainly include segmental gastrectomy, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, local gastrectomy, and sentinel lymph node navigation surgery. Although significant progress has been made in various function-preserving surgeries in recent years, there are still controversies regarding the selection of surgical indications, assessment of tumor radicality, surgical safety, and postoperative gastric function evaluation. Further high-quality evidence-based research is still needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of function-preserving surgery for early gastric cancer.

Objective To propose a classification model based on a pseudo-bag strategy and feature adjustment for whole slide imaging in pathology.Methods A pseudo-bag generator was constructed to divide a parent bag into 3 pseudo-bags for increasing the number of training bags.Then,a pseudo-bag learning method based on Nystr?m-based algorithm for approximating self-attention and a selective feature fusion method were employed to process the pseudo-bags.Specifically,the pseudo-bag learning method based on Nystr?m-based algorithm for approximating self-attention reduced computational complexity through an improved multi-head self-attention mechanism while deeply extracting instance features to obtain pseudo-bag classification predictions,thereby enhancing pseudo-bag classification accuracy;and the selective feature fusion method refined pseudo-bag features by filtering and extracting relevant instances.Finally,the model adjusted bag features by extracting confounding factors to avoid interference from irrelevant information and further improve classification accuracy.Results The proposed model was evaluated on two datasets(CAMELYON-16 and TCGA-NSCLC)and compared with 10 other methods,and the results demonstrated that the proposed model achieved the best performance.The proposed method reached an accuracy of 0.943 on the CAMELYON-16 dataset and 0.906 on the TCGA-NSCLC dataset.Conclusion The proposed model can significantly improve the accuracy of whole-slide pathological image classification by effectively mitigating the overfitting and avoiding interference from irrelevant information.

Aim To evaluate the ameliorative effects of different ratios of Renshen-Huangjing(RH) on SPS-induced PTSD-like behaviors in mice,and to investi-gate the action mechanism using bioinformatics analysis and experimental studies.Methods The aqueous ex-tract was extracted in four ratios of RH in a total weight of 60 g,i.e.1∶0(RH1),2∶1(RH2),1∶2(RH3),and 0∶1(RH4).The extraction rates of Rg1,Rb1,and polysaccharides from different ratios of RH were then detected using UPLC-UV method.The SPS model was established,and RH1,RH2,RH3 and RH4(400 mg·kg-1)were administered by intragas-tric gavage for 14 day,followed by behavioral tests to e-valuate the PTSD-like behaviors.The serum CORT,IL-1β and IL-10 were determined by ELISA.The possible targets of action were analyzed using bioinformatics.The expression levels of Calpain-1,PSD95,BDNF and GluN2B in the hippocampus were detected by Western blot.Results The SPS model induced PTSD-like be-haviors in mice.Serum levels of CORT and IL-1β in-creased and level of IL-10 decreased in SPS model.After treatment with different ratios of RHs,RH2 showed the best therapeutic effect,which was manifes-ted in the suppression of PTSD-like behaviors,the re-duction of CORT and IL-1β levels,and the promotion of IL-10 levels;160 overlapping targets might explain the therapeutic effects of RH on PTSD,and these tar-gets were enriched in inhibiting synaptic damage,exer-ting antioxidant properties and suppressing neuroin-flammation,respectively.RH2 prevented the SPS-in-duced decrease in the expression of Calpain-1,PSD95,BDNF and the elevation of GluN2B.Molecular docking showed strong binding of Rg1 and Rb1 to Calpain-1,PSD95,and BDNF,respectively.Conclusions The a-queous extract of RH in a 2∶1 ratio can more effec-tively prevent SPS-induced PTSD-like behaviors,and its effect may be related to targets such as Calpain-1,PSD95,BDNF and GluN2B.

Objective To explore the mechanism of IgA nephropathy(IgAN)caused by multi-glycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii(GTW)through the regulation of Silent information regulatory factor 1(SIRT 1)/nuclear transcription factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf 2)/antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1(HO-1)signaling pathway.Methods Forty-five male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into two groups:the blank group(n=9)and the model group(n=36).In addition to the blank group,the BSA+CCl4+LPS group was used.At the end of 12 weeks,two rats were randomly selected for verification,and the model was successfully established.The 34 model rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:the model group(n=10),prednisone group(n=12),and GTW group(n=12).Urine,blood and kidney tissues were harvested 4 weeks after drug administration.Urinary erythrocyte number,24-h urinary protein quantification(24 h-UTP),alanine transaminase(ALT),serum albumin(ALB),urea nitrogen(BUN),and blood creatinine(SCr)were performed for each group;the protein expression of SIRT1,Nrf2,HO-1 and PINK1 was detected by Western blotting analysis;real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)detection of SIRT1,Nrf2,HO-1 and PINK1 mRNA expression in rat kidney tissue;and detection of IgA deposition in the renal mesangial area by immunofluorescence.Kidney histopathological changes were observed in all the rats by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.Results The results compared with those in the blank group,the urinary red blood cell count and 24 h-UTP,ALT,BUN,and SCr levels were significantly greater(P<0.01);The ALB level was significantly lower(P<0.01);renal tissue SIRT1,Nrf2,HO-1,PINK1 protein and mRNA expression were significantly lower(P<0.01);IgA deposition in the mesentery was obvious;renal pathological damage was severe;and the difference was statistically significant. Compared with those in the model group,urinary red blood cell counts and 24 h-UTP,ALT,BUN,and SCr levels in the prednisone and GTW groups were significantly lower (P<0.01);ALB levels were significantly greater (P<0.01);SIRT1,Nrf2,HO-1,PINK1 protein and mRNA expression were significantly greater (P<0.01);IgA deposition in the mesangial area was reduced,and renal pathology was improved,with statistically significant difference. Conclusions GTW may alleviate oxidative stress injury,protect renal function,and improve renal injury by activating the SIRT 1/Nrf 2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Forensic medicine has been designated as a first-level discipline,presenting new opportunities and challenges for the development of forensic medicine.Since the 1980s,the establishment of foren-sic medicine discipline and the cultivation of high-level forensic talents have become hot topics in the development of forensic medicine in China.Since the 13th Five-Year Plan,the forensic team of Shanxi Medical University has been aiming at the forefront,proposing the development goals of"Five First-class"and the discipline development path"Six Major Achievements".It has selected benchmark disci-plines,identified gaps in disciplinary development,unified thoughts,formulated completion timelines,concentrated superior resources,assigned tasks to individuals,and created an"Organized Fill-in-the-Blank Format"forensic medicine discipline construction model with the characteristics of the new era.The construction model of forensic medicine has achieved good results in the goals,discipline frame-work,scientific research,talent cultivation,discipline team and platform construction,forming a rela-tively complete discipline construction and management system,and accumulating valuable experience for the construction of first-level discipline and high-level talent cultivation of forensic medicine.

Objective:To prepare a monoclonal strain of mumps virus of genotype F，which is intended to be applied as a national standard strain，and to provide corresponding virus strain resources for the surveillance，prevention and control of mumps.Methods:The plaque purification technique was used to pick monoclonal strains on Vero/hSLAM cells. The biological characteristics and stability of the monoclonal virus strains were evaluated by observing the cytopathic effect of the monoclonal virus strains，morphological observation of virological characteristics，determination of virus titer and whole-genome sequencing，and mycoplasma detection.Results:After infection of Vero/hSLAM cells，the monoclonal strain of mumps virus constructed after plaque purification could cause cell fusion. Under the negative staining electron microscope，the virus particles were spherical，with a diameter between 100 and 200 nm，and had an obvious envelope. The virus titer of the 2 nd to 6 th generations was between 10 6 and 10 7 TCID 50/ml. Through whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis，the full length of the virus genome sequence was obtained as 15 384 bp，and it was confirmed that the monoclonal virus strain was of genotype F. The nucleotide difference rate between the 2 nd and 6 th generations was 0.013%. Conclusion:The monoclonal strain of mumps virus constructed in this experiment has typical cytopathic effects and typical morphological structures. The virus has good activity and stable genetic characteristics，and can be used as a candidate strain for application as a national standard strain. It can be used for reagent research and development，evaluation of immunization effects，and other subsequent work.

Objective:To observe the characteristics of multi-muscle surface electromyography (sEMG) network indices during static standing among hemiplegic stroke survivors, and to evaluate the value of the indices in assessing neuromuscular dysfunction.Methods:Ten male stroke survivors with hemiplegia were recruited into the hemiplegia group, and 10 age-matched healthy males were chosen as the control group. Both groups were required to perform 30s static standing tasks with their eyes open and closed. The sEMG signals from the bilateral gluteus maximus (GM), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were synchronously collected. Linear time-frequency domain indices were then calculated from the sEMG signals, including the root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF). Network indices were extracted from the multiplex recurrence network and weighted networks were constructed from the sEMG signals, including the average interlayer mutual information (I), average edge overlap (ω), clustering coefficient (C), average shortest path length (L) and degree of centrality (DC).Results:With the eyes closed, the RMS values of the bilateral GMs of the hemiplegia group, as well as the values for the RF and BF on the unaffected side were significantly higher than the control group′s values. In the hemiplegia group, the RMS values of the RF and BF muscles on the unaffected side were significantly higher than on the affected side during standing with the eyes closed. For the RF muscles the RMS values on the unaffected side were, on average, significantly higher than with the eyes open. The MF of the GM muscles on the unaffected side in the hemiplegia group was significantly lower than the average MF values of the bilateral GM muscles in the control group with the eyes open or closed. With the eyes closed, the MF of the unaffected-side GM was significantly lower than that of the affected-side GM in the hemiplegia group. Compared with the control group, the hemiplegia group showed a significant increase in I and ω values, but a significant decrease in L values with the eyes open or closed. The DC values of the bilateral GM, RF and BF muscles in the hemiplegia group were significantly higher than among the control group with the eyes open, which was also true of the bilateral GM and RF muscles with the eyes closed. With the BF muscles it was true only of the unaffected side. In the hemiplegia group, the DC values of the unaffected-side GM with the eyes open or closed, and of the unaffected-side BF with the eyes closed.Conclusions:When standing still, hemiplegic stroke survivors exhibit increased overall synchronous muscle adjustment with involvement of unaffected-side muscles, especially the GM. sEMG network indices such as I, ω, L and DC can assess multi-muscle synchronous adaptability and the involvement of single muscles. sEMG network algorithms thus have potential as a new method for localizing and quantitatively assessing neuromuscular dysfunction among such patients.

Quantum dots (QDs), nanoscale semiconductor crystals, have emerged as a revolutionary class of nanomaterials with unique optical and electrochemical properties, making them highly promising for applications in disease diagnosis and treatment. Their tunable emission spectra, long-term photostability, high quantum yield, and excellent charge carrier mobility enable precise control over light emission and efficient charge utilization, which are critical for biomedical applications. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the use of quantum dots for disease diagnosis and therapy, highlighting their potential and the challenges involved in clinical translation. Quantum dots can be classified based on their elemental composition and structural configuration. For instance, IB-IIIA-VIA group quantum dots and core-shell structured quantum dots are among the most widely studied types. These classifications are essential for understanding their diverse functionalities and applications. In disease diagnosis, quantum dots have demonstrated remarkable potential due to their high brightness, photostability, and ability to provide precise biomarker detection. They are extensively used in bioimaging technologies, enabling high-resolution imaging of cells, tissues, and even individual biomolecules. As fluorescent markers, quantum dots facilitate cell tracking, biosensing, and the detection of diseases such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections, and immune-related disorders. Their ability to provide real-time, in vivo tracking of cellular processes has opened new avenues for early and accurate disease detection. In the realm of disease treatment, quantum dots serve as versatile nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Their nanoscale size and surface modifiability allow them to transport therapeutic agents to specific sites, improving drug bioavailability and reducing off-target effects. Additionally, quantum dots have shown promise as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). When exposed to specific wavelengths of light, quantum dots interact with oxygen molecules to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can selectively destroy malignant cells, vascular lesions, and microbial infections. This targeted approach minimizes damage to healthy tissues, making PDT a promising strategy for treating complex diseases. Despite these advancements, the translation of quantum dots from research to clinical application faces significant challenges. Issues such as toxicity, stability, and scalability in industrial production remain major obstacles. The potential toxicity of quantum dots, particularly to vital organs, has raised concerns about their long-term safety. Researchers are actively exploring strategies to mitigate these risks, including surface modification, coating, and encapsulation techniques, which can enhance biocompatibility and reduce toxicity. Furthermore, improving the stability of quantum dots under physiological conditions is crucial for their effective use in biomedical applications. Advances in surface engineering and the development of novel encapsulation methods have shown promise in addressing these stability concerns. Industrial production of quantum dots also presents challenges, particularly in achieving consistent quality and scalability. Recent innovations in synthesis techniques and manufacturing processes are paving the way for large-scale production, which is essential for their widespread adoption in clinical settings. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the latest research progress in quantum dot applications, including drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, photodynamic therapy, and pathogen detection. It also discusses the multiple barriers hindering their clinical use and explores potential solutions to overcome these challenges. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future directions of quantum dot research, emphasizing the need for further studies on toxicity mitigation, stability enhancement, and scalable production. By addressing these critical issues, quantum dots can realize their full potential as transformative tools in disease diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing biomedical science.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic organelles that are ubiquitous across most organisms, including animals, plants, protists, and microorganisms. Their core consists of neutral lipids, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer adorned with a specific set of proteins. As critical intracellular hubs of metabolic regulation, lipid droplets play essential roles in maintaining physiological homeostasis and contributing to the progression of various pathological processes. They store neutral lipids for energy production during periods of starvation or for membrane biosynthesis, and they sequester fatty acids to mitigate lipotoxicity. Clinically, dysregulation of lipid droplet function is associated with a wide range of diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Research into the biological functions of lipid droplets—as dynamic organelles and their links to multiple diseases—has emerged as a cutting-edge focus in cell biology. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding lipid droplet biogenesis. Researchers have developed a more refined framework that elucidates how LDs are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Triacylglycerols and sterol esters are synthesized between the inner and outer leaflets of the ER bilayer, and when they exceed the critical nucleation concentration (CNC), they coalesce to form neutral lipid lenses. These then bud from the ER under the coordinated action of key proteins such as Seipin, fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2), and the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex30. This budding process is driven by changes in membrane curvature and surface tension, induced by the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids. Nascent lipid droplets recruit lipid-synthesizing enzymes via ER-LD bridging structures, enabling localized lipid production and surface expansion, ultimately resulting in the formation of mature LDs. Biochemical and biophysical approaches have revealed important features of this process, underscoring the critical roles of ER membrane biophysical properties and specific phospholipids. Structural biology and proteomic studies have identified key regulators—particularly Seipin and FIT2—as central players in LD biogenesis. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of LD biogenesis. It delves into the processes of LD nucleation, membrane budding, and expansion in eukaryotic cells, with a special focus on how core factors such as Seipin and FIT2 dynamically regulate LD morphology. In addition, it examines the mechanisms and pathways by which class I and class II proteins are targeted to LDs, compares LD biogenesis involving different neutral lipid cores, and discusses the disease relevance of specific regulatory proteins. Finally, the review outlines critical unresolved questions in the field of LD biogenesis, offering clear directions for future research and providing a comprehensive framework for deepening our understanding of LD formation and its implications for disease intervention.