In patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), initial recurrence risk stratification based on clinical, histopathological, and perioperative data remains the key determinant for guiding management strategies during the first 1-2 years post-treatment. However, the adoption of ongoing risk stratification (ORS), which dynamically reassesses risk by integrating longitudinal clinical data and treatment response, enables more precise long-term prognostic assessment and facilitates highly individualized management. Building upon recent guidelines, the 2026 KTA guideline has been further refined by incorporating robust evidence from large-scale national cohorts and comprehensive systematic reviews. These updated recommendations outline contemporary concepts of ORS, risk-adapted TSH suppression targets, optimized surveillance modalities for recurrence detection, and disease-specific long-term follow-up strategies. Reflecting the paradigm shift toward de-escalated treatment, this revision integrates evolved perspectives on TSH suppression intensity, the clinical interpretation of thyroglobulin levels, and tailored follow-up intervals. These evidence-based recommendations aim to minimize unnecessary treatment and excessive surveillance in the large proportion of patients with excellent prognosis after initial therapy, while ensuring that each patient receives appropriately tailored and effective long-term management.

Ectopic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Intrathoracic kidney is the rarest type of the ectopic kidney, which constitutes < 5% of all ectopic kidney cases. It is often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause severe respiratory distress. However, most patients with intrathoracic kidney are asymptomatic, and incidentally diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography or chest radiography after birth as intrathoracic mass-like lesion. In this study, we report a case of an asymptomatic neonate with intrathoracic kidney. An intrathoracic mass was detected in plain chest radiography of a 17-day-old boy, and it was identified as the right kidney in the thoracic cavity by computed tomography and ultrasonography.Correction of the ectopic kidney and repair of diaphragmatic hernia were successful at the age of 52 days. After the operation, the right kidney was normally detected in the right renal fossa, and there was no recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only reported case of intrathoracic kidney at the neonatal period, in South Korea. Careful review of chest radiography at the neonatal period and clinical suspicion of rare diseases like herniation of intraabdominal organ are needed.

Ectopic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Intrathoracic kidney is the rarest type of the ectopic kidney, which constitutes < 5% of all ectopic kidney cases. It is often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause severe respiratory distress. However, most patients with intrathoracic kidney are asymptomatic, and incidentally diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography or chest radiography after birth as intrathoracic mass-like lesion. In this study, we report a case of an asymptomatic neonate with intrathoracic kidney. An intrathoracic mass was detected in plain chest radiography of a 17-day-old boy, and it was identified as the right kidney in the thoracic cavity by computed tomography and ultrasonography.Correction of the ectopic kidney and repair of diaphragmatic hernia were successful at the age of 52 days. After the operation, the right kidney was normally detected in the right renal fossa, and there was no recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only reported case of intrathoracic kidney at the neonatal period, in South Korea. Careful review of chest radiography at the neonatal period and clinical suspicion of rare diseases like herniation of intraabdominal organ are needed.

Ectopic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Intrathoracic kidney is the rarest type of the ectopic kidney, which constitutes < 5% of all ectopic kidney cases. It is often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause severe respiratory distress. However, most patients with intrathoracic kidney are asymptomatic, and incidentally diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography or chest radiography after birth as intrathoracic mass-like lesion. In this study, we report a case of an asymptomatic neonate with intrathoracic kidney. An intrathoracic mass was detected in plain chest radiography of a 17-day-old boy, and it was identified as the right kidney in the thoracic cavity by computed tomography and ultrasonography.Correction of the ectopic kidney and repair of diaphragmatic hernia were successful at the age of 52 days. After the operation, the right kidney was normally detected in the right renal fossa, and there was no recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only reported case of intrathoracic kidney at the neonatal period, in South Korea. Careful review of chest radiography at the neonatal period and clinical suspicion of rare diseases like herniation of intraabdominal organ are needed.

Ectopic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Intrathoracic kidney is the rarest type of the ectopic kidney, which constitutes < 5% of all ectopic kidney cases. It is often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause severe respiratory distress. However, most patients with intrathoracic kidney are asymptomatic, and incidentally diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography or chest radiography after birth as intrathoracic mass-like lesion. In this study, we report a case of an asymptomatic neonate with intrathoracic kidney. An intrathoracic mass was detected in plain chest radiography of a 17-day-old boy, and it was identified as the right kidney in the thoracic cavity by computed tomography and ultrasonography.Correction of the ectopic kidney and repair of diaphragmatic hernia were successful at the age of 52 days. After the operation, the right kidney was normally detected in the right renal fossa, and there was no recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only reported case of intrathoracic kidney at the neonatal period, in South Korea. Careful review of chest radiography at the neonatal period and clinical suspicion of rare diseases like herniation of intraabdominal organ are needed.

Ectopic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. Intrathoracic kidney is the rarest type of the ectopic kidney, which constitutes < 5% of all ectopic kidney cases. It is often associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can cause severe respiratory distress. However, most patients with intrathoracic kidney are asymptomatic, and incidentally diagnosed with prenatal ultrasonography or chest radiography after birth as intrathoracic mass-like lesion. In this study, we report a case of an asymptomatic neonate with intrathoracic kidney. An intrathoracic mass was detected in plain chest radiography of a 17-day-old boy, and it was identified as the right kidney in the thoracic cavity by computed tomography and ultrasonography.Correction of the ectopic kidney and repair of diaphragmatic hernia were successful at the age of 52 days. After the operation, the right kidney was normally detected in the right renal fossa, and there was no recurrence of diaphragmatic hernia. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the only reported case of intrathoracic kidney at the neonatal period, in South Korea. Careful review of chest radiography at the neonatal period and clinical suspicion of rare diseases like herniation of intraabdominal organ are needed.

The increasing detection of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has raised concerns about overtreatment.For low-risk PTMC, either immediate surgery or active surveillance (AS) can be considered. To support AS implementation, the Korean Thyroid Association convened a multidisciplinary panel and developed the first Korean guideline. AS is recommended to adults with pathologically proven Bethesda V-VI PTMC without clinical evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis, gross extrathyroidal extension, tracheal or recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion, or aggressive histology. Baseline assessment requires high‑resolution cervical ultrasound by experienced operators to rule out extrathyroidal extension, tracheal or recurrent laryngeal nerve invasion, and lymph node metastasis;contrast‑enhanced neck computed tomography is optional. Patient characteristics such as age, comorbidities, and capacity for long-term follow-up should be assessed. Shared decision-making should weigh the benefits and risks of surgery and AS, expected oncologic outcomes, complications, quality of life, anxiety, medical cost, and patient preference. Follow-up includes cervical ultrasound and thyroid function test every six months for two years, then annually. Disease progression, defined as significant tumor growth or newly detected nodal or distant metastasis, warrants surgery. Despite remaining uncertainties, this guideline offers a framework to ensure oncologic safety and support patient-centered active surveillance.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of baked egg and milk diets on the prognosis of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy in young children. Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled children under 36 months of age who were diagnosed with egg or milk allergy between January 2020 and July 2023. The consumption group underwent oral food challenges with baked egg or milk, and was instructed to include baked eggs and milk in their diet for at least 6 months. The control group, matched for age and specific IgE (sIgE) levels, restricted these foods. We compared the age at which tolerance was achieved, and analyzed changes in total IgE and sIgE levels against egg white (EW), ovomucoid (OM), and cow’s milk (CM) in both groups. Results: Data were collected from 24 children in both the consumption and control groups. The consumption group demonstrated a significantly earlier acquisition of tolerance to egg and milk allergies compared to the control group (median: 24 vs. 31 months, P= 0.045). In the consumption group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels showed no significant changes (P= 0.073 and P= 0.118, respectively), while EW- and OM-sIgE levels significantly decreased (P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). In the control group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels significantly increased from baseline (P = 0.038 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas there were no significant changes in EW- and OM-sIgE levels (P = 0.054 and P = 0.190, respectively). Between the consumption and control groups, no significant differences were observed in the changes in total IgE or specific IgE to EW, OM, and CM before and after the observation period (P = 0.404, P = 0.238, P = 0.531, and P = 0.167, respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that diets of baked eggs and milk may accelerate the development of tolerance in children with egg or milk allergies.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of baked egg and milk diets on the prognosis of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy in young children. Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled children under 36 months of age who were diagnosed with egg or milk allergy between January 2020 and July 2023. The consumption group underwent oral food challenges with baked egg or milk, and was instructed to include baked eggs and milk in their diet for at least 6 months. The control group, matched for age and specific IgE (sIgE) levels, restricted these foods. We compared the age at which tolerance was achieved, and analyzed changes in total IgE and sIgE levels against egg white (EW), ovomucoid (OM), and cow’s milk (CM) in both groups. Results: Data were collected from 24 children in both the consumption and control groups. The consumption group demonstrated a significantly earlier acquisition of tolerance to egg and milk allergies compared to the control group (median: 24 vs. 31 months, P= 0.045). In the consumption group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels showed no significant changes (P= 0.073 and P= 0.118, respectively), while EW- and OM-sIgE levels significantly decreased (P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). In the control group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels significantly increased from baseline (P = 0.038 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas there were no significant changes in EW- and OM-sIgE levels (P = 0.054 and P = 0.190, respectively). Between the consumption and control groups, no significant differences were observed in the changes in total IgE or specific IgE to EW, OM, and CM before and after the observation period (P = 0.404, P = 0.238, P = 0.531, and P = 0.167, respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that diets of baked eggs and milk may accelerate the development of tolerance in children with egg or milk allergies.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effects of baked egg and milk diets on the prognosis of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy in young children. Methods: In this retrospective study, we enrolled children under 36 months of age who were diagnosed with egg or milk allergy between January 2020 and July 2023. The consumption group underwent oral food challenges with baked egg or milk, and was instructed to include baked eggs and milk in their diet for at least 6 months. The control group, matched for age and specific IgE (sIgE) levels, restricted these foods. We compared the age at which tolerance was achieved, and analyzed changes in total IgE and sIgE levels against egg white (EW), ovomucoid (OM), and cow’s milk (CM) in both groups. Results: Data were collected from 24 children in both the consumption and control groups. The consumption group demonstrated a significantly earlier acquisition of tolerance to egg and milk allergies compared to the control group (median: 24 vs. 31 months, P= 0.045). In the consumption group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels showed no significant changes (P= 0.073 and P= 0.118, respectively), while EW- and OM-sIgE levels significantly decreased (P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). In the control group, total IgE and CM-sIgE levels significantly increased from baseline (P = 0.038 and P < 0.001, respectively), whereas there were no significant changes in EW- and OM-sIgE levels (P = 0.054 and P = 0.190, respectively). Between the consumption and control groups, no significant differences were observed in the changes in total IgE or specific IgE to EW, OM, and CM before and after the observation period (P = 0.404, P = 0.238, P = 0.531, and P = 0.167, respectively). Conclusion These findings suggest that diets of baked eggs and milk may accelerate the development of tolerance in children with egg or milk allergies.