Objective: To explain process of developing basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines, based on frequently observable clinical manifestations, thereby supporting competencybased veterinary education in Korea. Methods: A structured review of learning outcomes established by Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (KAVMC) was conducted by a planning committee including veterinary educators, practitioners, and advisory members. Owner-oriented descriptions were used to frame each performance task, and each was mapped to corresponding learning outcomes. These tasks were aligned with learning outcomes recommended by the KAVMC to support the development of communication, clinical reasoning, and performance-related competencies among veterinary students, thereby enhancing day-one clinical readiness. Results: In total, 63 clinical manifestations for a guidebook format that can be used for clinical education were identified and categorized by organ systems that are described in language understandable to animal owners. Conclusions and Relevance: The basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines based on common clinical manifestations would serve as a vital component in veterinary education to reinforce core graduation competencies.

Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in South Korea, imposing substantial physical, emotional, and financial burdens on patients and society. Despite the high burden of symptom and complex care needs of HF patients, palliative care and hospice services remain underutilized in South Korea due to cultural, institutional, and knowledge-related barriers. This position statement from the Korean Society of Heart Failure emphasizes the need for integrating palliative and hospice care into HF management to improve quality of life and support holistic care for patients and their families. By clarifying the role of palliative care in HF and proposing practical referral criteria, this position statement aims to bridge the gap between HF and palliative care services in South Korea, ultimately improving patient-centered outcomes and aligning treatment with the goals and values of HF patients.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) skin displacement vector analysis method provides a deeper understanding of dynamic muscle anatomy. Understanding the dynamic muscle anatomy in the glabellar area during frowning can facilitate safer and effective botulinum toxin injections for treating glabellar wrinkles. Objective: We aimed to investigate the skin displacement patterns of the glabellar area and adjacent skin during contraction of the glabellar muscles using 3D skin vector displacement analysis. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy individuals (26 female, 3 male; median age 40.5 years) participated in the study. Photographs of the face were taken at rest and during maximal contraction of the glabellar muscles. Each expression image was aligned to its respective static image to compute the differences in the skin position. Results: Two skin displacement patterns were identified during frowning: lateral pattern (89.66%), in which main skin vector displacement located on the eyebrow area and central pattern (10.34%), in which skin vector displacement mostly located between eyebrows. 62.07% showed asymmetric skin displacement. Analysis of the glabellar patterns showed that the 'U', '11', 'X', and 'π' patterns were observed in 38%, 38%, 14%, and 10% of cases, respectively, with corresponding skin vector displacement angles of 48°, 32°, 74°, and 24°. Additionally, 20.69% of subjects exhibited upward skin movement in the medial frontalis area during frowning. In 48% of subjects, the lateral and inferior portions of the orbicularis oculi muscle contracted, along with the upper medial portion. Conclusion This data will serve as an important guide for Botulinum Toxin treatment of glabella wrinkles in Korean patients.

A 5-year-old, 28 kg castrated male Border Collie was referred for surgical intervention following complications from a prior total hip replacement. A physical examination revealed reduced weight-bearing and metallic crepitus on the affected limb. A radiographic assessment confirmed a fractured femoral stem. Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed to extract the well-fixed stem, followed by the removal of the acetabular cup. ETO stabilization was achieved with cerclage wires and a locking plate. Six months postoperatively, the radiographs indicated successful bone healing, and the dog exhibited improved limb function. The ETO technique can provide enhanced surgical access to extract well-fixed implants.

A 5-year-old, 28 kg castrated male Border Collie was referred for surgical intervention following complications from a prior total hip replacement. A physical examination revealed reduced weight-bearing and metallic crepitus on the affected limb. A radiographic assessment confirmed a fractured femoral stem. Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed to extract the well-fixed stem, followed by the removal of the acetabular cup. ETO stabilization was achieved with cerclage wires and a locking plate. Six months postoperatively, the radiographs indicated successful bone healing, and the dog exhibited improved limb function. The ETO technique can provide enhanced surgical access to extract well-fixed implants.

A 5-year-old, 28 kg castrated male Border Collie was referred for surgical intervention following complications from a prior total hip replacement. A physical examination revealed reduced weight-bearing and metallic crepitus on the affected limb. A radiographic assessment confirmed a fractured femoral stem. Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed to extract the well-fixed stem, followed by the removal of the acetabular cup. ETO stabilization was achieved with cerclage wires and a locking plate. Six months postoperatively, the radiographs indicated successful bone healing, and the dog exhibited improved limb function. The ETO technique can provide enhanced surgical access to extract well-fixed implants.

A 5-year-old, 28 kg castrated male Border Collie was referred for surgical intervention following complications from a prior total hip replacement. A physical examination revealed reduced weight-bearing and metallic crepitus on the affected limb. A radiographic assessment confirmed a fractured femoral stem. Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed to extract the well-fixed stem, followed by the removal of the acetabular cup. ETO stabilization was achieved with cerclage wires and a locking plate. Six months postoperatively, the radiographs indicated successful bone healing, and the dog exhibited improved limb function. The ETO technique can provide enhanced surgical access to extract well-fixed implants.

A 5-year-old, 28 kg castrated male Border Collie was referred for surgical intervention following complications from a prior total hip replacement. A physical examination revealed reduced weight-bearing and metallic crepitus on the affected limb. A radiographic assessment confirmed a fractured femoral stem. Extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) was performed to extract the well-fixed stem, followed by the removal of the acetabular cup. ETO stabilization was achieved with cerclage wires and a locking plate. Six months postoperatively, the radiographs indicated successful bone healing, and the dog exhibited improved limb function. The ETO technique can provide enhanced surgical access to extract well-fixed implants.

Background: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin in routine clinical settings, we collected and assessed the clinical profiles of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This was a post-marketing surveillance study of empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg. Information on adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was collected as safety data sets. Available effectiveness outcomes, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, and blood pressure, were assessed. Results: The incidence rate of ADRs was 5.14% in the safety dataset (n=3,231). Pollakiuria, pruritis genital, and weight loss were the most common ADRs. ADRs of special interest accounted for only 1.18%, and there were no serious events that led to mortality or hospitalization. In the effectiveness data set (n=2,567), empagliflozin significantly reduced the mean HbA1c level and body weight during the study period by –0.68%±1.39% and –1.91±3.37 kg (both P<0.0001), respectively. In addition, shorter disease duration, absence of dyslipidemia, and higher baseline HbA1c levels were identified as the clinical features characteristic of a “responder” to empagliflozin therapy. Conclusion Empagliflozin is a safe and potent glucose-lowering drug in routine use among Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is expected to have better glycemic efficacy in Korean patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the recent prevalence, management, and comorbidities of diabetes among Korean adults aged ≥30 years by analyzing nationally representative data. Methods: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2016 to 2018, and the percentage and total number of people ≥30 years of age with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were estimated. Results: In 2018, 13.8% of Korean adults aged ≥30 years had diabetes, and adults aged ≥65 years showed a prevalence rate of 28%. The prevalence of IFG was 26.9% in adults aged ≥30 years. From 2016 to 2018, 35% of the subjects with diabetes were not aware of their condition. Regarding comorbidities, 53.2% and 61.3% were obese and hypertensive, respectively, and 72% had hypercholesterolemia as defined by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥100 mg/dL in people with diabetes. Of the subjects with diabetes, 43.7% had both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. With regard to glycemic control, only 28.3% reached the target level of <6.5%. Moreover, only 11.5% of subjects with diabetes met all three targets of glycosylated hemoglobin, blood pressure, and LDL-C. The percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates was higher in diabetes patients than in those without diabetes, while that from protein and fat was lower in subjects with diabetes. Conclusion The high prevalence and low control rate of diabetes and its comorbidities in Korean adults were confirmed. More stringent efforts are needed to improve the comprehensive management of diabetes to reduce diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.