Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its early detection is critical for improving survival outcomes. As a diagnostic and screening tool, mammography can be less effective owing to the masking effect of fibroglandular tissue, but breast US has good sensitivity even in dense breasts. However, breast US is highly operator dependent, highlighting the need for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solutions. Unlike other modalities, US is performed using a handheld device that produces a continuous real-time video stream, yielding 12000–48000 frames per examination. This can be significantly challenging for AI development and requires real-time AI inference capabilities. In this review, we classified AI solutions as computer-aided diagnosis and computer-aided detection to facilitate a functional understanding and review commercial software supported by clinical evidence.In addition, to bridge healthcare gaps and enhance patient outcomes in geographically under resourced areas, we propose a novel framework by reviewing the existing AI-based triage workflows including mobile ultrasound.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its early detection is critical for improving survival outcomes. As a diagnostic and screening tool, mammography can be less effective owing to the masking effect of fibroglandular tissue, but breast US has good sensitivity even in dense breasts. However, breast US is highly operator dependent, highlighting the need for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solutions. Unlike other modalities, US is performed using a handheld device that produces a continuous real-time video stream, yielding 12000–48000 frames per examination. This can be significantly challenging for AI development and requires real-time AI inference capabilities. In this review, we classified AI solutions as computer-aided diagnosis and computer-aided detection to facilitate a functional understanding and review commercial software supported by clinical evidence.In addition, to bridge healthcare gaps and enhance patient outcomes in geographically under resourced areas, we propose a novel framework by reviewing the existing AI-based triage workflows including mobile ultrasound.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its early detection is critical for improving survival outcomes. As a diagnostic and screening tool, mammography can be less effective owing to the masking effect of fibroglandular tissue, but breast US has good sensitivity even in dense breasts. However, breast US is highly operator dependent, highlighting the need for artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solutions. Unlike other modalities, US is performed using a handheld device that produces a continuous real-time video stream, yielding 12000–48000 frames per examination. This can be significantly challenging for AI development and requires real-time AI inference capabilities. In this review, we classified AI solutions as computer-aided diagnosis and computer-aided detection to facilitate a functional understanding and review commercial software supported by clinical evidence.In addition, to bridge healthcare gaps and enhance patient outcomes in geographically under resourced areas, we propose a novel framework by reviewing the existing AI-based triage workflows including mobile ultrasound.

Ectopic breast tissue can develop along the mammary ridge from the axilla to the groin, and the most common site is the axillae. Primary carcinoma of ectopic breast tissue is extremely rare. We report a rare case of a 61-year-old woman with a palpable mass in her left axilla who had a history of surgical excision of accessory breast tissue in the same area. Mammography (MMG), including axillary tail view, ultrasound (US), and breast MRI were performed. We evaluated the extent and characteristics of the microcalcifications in the axillary tail view. A US-guided biopsy was done, and histopathology revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma. Enhanced abdominal CT revealed multiple hepatic masses consistent with metastases, and the patient received palliative chemotherapy. Herein, we present a rare case of breast cancer arising from accessory breast tissue in the axilla, best appreciated on the axillary tail view of the patient’s MMG.

Background and Objectives: Sinonasal malignant lymphoma is rare and aggressive. Its low incidence has made detailed studies on epidemiology, survival, and consensus treatment modalities a challenge, and also has limited developing standardized protocols for diagnosis and management. This study analyzes the clinical factors of patients diagnosed with sinonasal malignant lymphoma and their treatment modalities to understand therapeutic outcome and prognostic factors.Subjects and Method The medical records of patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2020 as sinonasal (SN) malignant lymphoma (extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma [ENKTL]/diffuse large B cell lymphoma [DLBCL]) in Seoul national university hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total 42 patients were included in the study. Of those, 30 patients were SN-ENKTL, 12 patients were SN-DLBCL. The mean age of SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was 52.8±14.4, 60.8±12.4, respectively. The main chief complaint was nasal obstruction (54%). Approximately 75% were diagnosed as stage II (Ann-Arbor staging system) and most of the patients received multi-agent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The 3-year overall survival rate for SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was roughly 90%, 88.9%, respectively and the average of disease-free survival period was approximately 41.1 and 22.1 months, respectively, after initiation of treatment. Conclusion We found that sinonasal malignant lymphoma is highly responsive to chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Early accurate diagnosis is important as early-stage patients receiving therapy may benefit from chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Our clinical data showed that in ambiguous situations, wide excision should be considered for diagnosis.

Background and Objectives: Sinonasal malignant lymphoma is rare and aggressive. Its low incidence has made detailed studies on epidemiology, survival, and consensus treatment modalities a challenge, and also has limited developing standardized protocols for diagnosis and management. This study analyzes the clinical factors of patients diagnosed with sinonasal malignant lymphoma and their treatment modalities to understand therapeutic outcome and prognostic factors.Subjects and Method The medical records of patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2020 as sinonasal (SN) malignant lymphoma (extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma [ENKTL]/diffuse large B cell lymphoma [DLBCL]) in Seoul national university hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total 42 patients were included in the study. Of those, 30 patients were SN-ENKTL, 12 patients were SN-DLBCL. The mean age of SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was 52.8±14.4, 60.8±12.4, respectively. The main chief complaint was nasal obstruction (54%). Approximately 75% were diagnosed as stage II (Ann-Arbor staging system) and most of the patients received multi-agent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The 3-year overall survival rate for SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was roughly 90%, 88.9%, respectively and the average of disease-free survival period was approximately 41.1 and 22.1 months, respectively, after initiation of treatment. Conclusion We found that sinonasal malignant lymphoma is highly responsive to chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Early accurate diagnosis is important as early-stage patients receiving therapy may benefit from chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Our clinical data showed that in ambiguous situations, wide excision should be considered for diagnosis.

Background and Objectives: Sinonasal malignant lymphoma is rare and aggressive. Its low incidence has made detailed studies on epidemiology, survival, and consensus treatment modalities a challenge, and also has limited developing standardized protocols for diagnosis and management. This study analyzes the clinical factors of patients diagnosed with sinonasal malignant lymphoma and their treatment modalities to understand therapeutic outcome and prognostic factors.Subjects and Method The medical records of patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2020 as sinonasal (SN) malignant lymphoma (extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma [ENKTL]/diffuse large B cell lymphoma [DLBCL]) in Seoul national university hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A total 42 patients were included in the study. Of those, 30 patients were SN-ENKTL, 12 patients were SN-DLBCL. The mean age of SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was 52.8±14.4, 60.8±12.4, respectively. The main chief complaint was nasal obstruction (54%). Approximately 75% were diagnosed as stage II (Ann-Arbor staging system) and most of the patients received multi-agent chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The 3-year overall survival rate for SN-DLBCL and SN-DLBCL groups was roughly 90%, 88.9%, respectively and the average of disease-free survival period was approximately 41.1 and 22.1 months, respectively, after initiation of treatment. Conclusion We found that sinonasal malignant lymphoma is highly responsive to chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Early accurate diagnosis is important as early-stage patients receiving therapy may benefit from chemo or chemoradiotherapy. Our clinical data showed that in ambiguous situations, wide excision should be considered for diagnosis.

Ectopic breast tissue can develop along the mammary ridge from the axilla to the groin, and the most common site is the axillae. Primary carcinoma of ectopic breast tissue is extremely rare. We report a rare case of a 61-year-old woman with a palpable mass in her left axilla who had a history of surgical excision of accessory breast tissue in the same area. Mammography (MMG), including axillary tail view, ultrasound (US), and breast MRI were performed. We evaluated the extent and characteristics of the microcalcifications in the axillary tail view. A US-guided biopsy was done, and histopathology revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma. Enhanced abdominal CT revealed multiple hepatic masses consistent with metastases, and the patient received palliative chemotherapy. Herein, we present a rare case of breast cancer arising from accessory breast tissue in the axilla, best appreciated on the axillary tail view of the patient’s MMG.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify high- and low-risk subgroups of patients with lymph node (LN) metastasis in presumed early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC) patients. Methods: Clinicopathologic data of presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients (n=361) treated with lymphadenectomy between March 2000 and July 2022 were analyzed. None of the patient had definite evidence of LN metastasis in a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A received operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to define the sensitivity and specificity for the combined preoperative risk factors for LN metastasis, which was determined by multivariate analysis. Results: Nineteen patients (5.3%) had LN metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified cervical stromal invasion on MRI (odds ratio [OR]=4.386; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.020–18.852;p=0.047), cornual location of tumor on MRI (OR=36.208; 95% CI=7.902–165.913; p<0.001), and lower uterine segment/isthmic location of tumor on MRI (OR=8.454; 95% CI=1.567–45.610;p=0.013) as independent prognostic factors associated with LN metastasis. Patients were categorized into low- and high-risk groups according to risk criteria. Significant differences in the rates of LN metastasis were observed between the two groups (0.4% vs. 22.2%, p<0.001). Conclusion Approximately 95% of presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients did not have LN metastasis. A model using tumor location was significantly correlated with the risk of LN metastasis. Even in presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients, therefore, tumor location should be investigated to determine whether to perform LN assessment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify high- and low-risk subgroups of patients with lymph node (LN) metastasis in presumed early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer (EC) patients. Methods: Clinicopathologic data of presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients (n=361) treated with lymphadenectomy between March 2000 and July 2022 were analyzed. None of the patient had definite evidence of LN metastasis in a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A received operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to define the sensitivity and specificity for the combined preoperative risk factors for LN metastasis, which was determined by multivariate analysis. Results: Nineteen patients (5.3%) had LN metastasis. Multivariate analysis identified cervical stromal invasion on MRI (odds ratio [OR]=4.386; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.020–18.852;p=0.047), cornual location of tumor on MRI (OR=36.208; 95% CI=7.902–165.913; p<0.001), and lower uterine segment/isthmic location of tumor on MRI (OR=8.454; 95% CI=1.567–45.610;p=0.013) as independent prognostic factors associated with LN metastasis. Patients were categorized into low- and high-risk groups according to risk criteria. Significant differences in the rates of LN metastasis were observed between the two groups (0.4% vs. 22.2%, p<0.001). Conclusion Approximately 95% of presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients did not have LN metastasis. A model using tumor location was significantly correlated with the risk of LN metastasis. Even in presumed early-stage endometrioid EC patients, therefore, tumor location should be investigated to determine whether to perform LN assessment.