Respiratory virus infections are among the most common illnesses worldwide, with a clinical spectrum ranging from the common cold to severe pneumonia. These infections can produce significant complications, especially in patients belonging to high-risk populations, including the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and patients with underlying medical conditions.Relaxation of public health measures following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a shift in respiratory virus epidemiology, underscoring the growing importance of rapid and accurate diagnostic approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of major respiratory viruses, including their structural characteristics, modes of transmission, specimen collection and transport guidelines, diagnostic methodologies, and virus-specific infection control strategies. Integration of molecular diagnostics with effective infection control plays a critical role in enhancing public health. Infection prevention strategies tailored to each virus’s transmission route are essential for patient safety and public health. This review aims to support improving clinical diagnostics and contribute to more effective public health strategies for viral respiratory infection management.

Cell-based artificial platelet production has made remarkable progress over the past three decades, driven by the need for safe and stable platelet sources in the face of donor limitations and transfusion-related risks. This review provides a chronological overview of the evolution of in vitro platelet production from various cell sources (CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and others) and highlights key advances in the field. We outline developments from the foundational experiments of the 1990s, through the introduction of iPSCs in the mid-2000s, to the adoption of three-dimensional culture and bioreactor technologies in the late 2010s and the emergence of clinical trials in the 2020s. In addition, we discuss future perspec‑ tives, including the role of advanced gene editing and scalable biomanufacturing technologies in accelerating clinical translation. This comprehensive review underscores the promise of artificial platelet production technologies for clini‑ cal applications and discusses the remaining challenges, such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory hurdles.The recent completion of the first human clinical trials using iPSC-derived platelets marks a significant milestone, pointing to a future in which patient-specific or human leukocyte antigen-universal platelets may be transformed into transfusion medicine and regenerative therapies.

Purpose: Our study aimed to delve beyond a surface-level understanding and explore the various dimensions of the global health curriculum from the perspective of both learners and educators using the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) model. Methods: From 2020 to 2021, interviews were conducted with a total of 10 individuals, including five students who had taken at least one elective course and at least one elective research course, three teaching assistants (TA), and two faculty members who had taken more than four global health courses in multiple phases in the global health curriculum. Semi-structured interview questions based on the CIPP model were used and qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The study identified 12 sub-themes. Students held idealized views of global health careers and sought to bridge the gap through global health classes. They desired early exposure to global health courses, emphasizing both pre-medical and clinical phases. Challenges in adjusting course difficulty and recruiting faculty were identified, along with a preference for interactive teaching methods and offline discussions. The curriculum promoted reflection on medicine’s essence, expanded career perspectives, and emphasized competencies like altruism, communication skills, and crisis management in the evolving global health landscape. Conclusion This study showed that a comprehensive approach is possible from the perspective of learners and educators by identifying strengths, weaknesses, and the value of the curriculum’s goals, plans, implementations, and results through the CIPP model. For optimal curriculum design, a sequential approach from basic to advanced courses is essential, promoting hands-on global health experiences for students.

Taxonomy includes classification, nomenclature, and identification. Identification assigns unknown fungi to species based on their strain characteristics. Traditionally, fungal taxonomy relied on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. However, advancements in molecular phylogeny, especially multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), have revolutionized fungal taxonomy. MLSA combines phylogenetic and genetic approaches. Although effective, MLSA may not fully reflect biodiversity or distinguish between closely related species.Polyphasic taxonomy integrates genotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data into a consensus classification system. Polyphasic taxonomy was first applied to Rhodotorula glutinis in 2001 and is now widely accepted. Phenotypic traits, such as protein profiles and chemotaxonomic markers, analyzed using techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, are effective for yeast and filamentous fungi. Genotypic data from DNA/RNA sequencing, compared with data from databases such as Index Fungorum and MycoBank, aids species identification and synonym verification. Despite its practicality, the polyphasic approach lacks strict guidelines, resulting in varied interpretations.

Taxonomy includes classification, nomenclature, and identification. Identification assigns unknown fungi to species based on their strain characteristics. Traditionally, fungal taxonomy relied on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. However, advancements in molecular phylogeny, especially multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), have revolutionized fungal taxonomy. MLSA combines phylogenetic and genetic approaches. Although effective, MLSA may not fully reflect biodiversity or distinguish between closely related species.Polyphasic taxonomy integrates genotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data into a consensus classification system. Polyphasic taxonomy was first applied to Rhodotorula glutinis in 2001 and is now widely accepted. Phenotypic traits, such as protein profiles and chemotaxonomic markers, analyzed using techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, are effective for yeast and filamentous fungi. Genotypic data from DNA/RNA sequencing, compared with data from databases such as Index Fungorum and MycoBank, aids species identification and synonym verification. Despite its practicality, the polyphasic approach lacks strict guidelines, resulting in varied interpretations.

Taxonomy includes classification, nomenclature, and identification. Identification assigns unknown fungi to species based on their strain characteristics. Traditionally, fungal taxonomy relied on morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. However, advancements in molecular phylogeny, especially multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), have revolutionized fungal taxonomy. MLSA combines phylogenetic and genetic approaches. Although effective, MLSA may not fully reflect biodiversity or distinguish between closely related species.Polyphasic taxonomy integrates genotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data into a consensus classification system. Polyphasic taxonomy was first applied to Rhodotorula glutinis in 2001 and is now widely accepted. Phenotypic traits, such as protein profiles and chemotaxonomic markers, analyzed using techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, are effective for yeast and filamentous fungi. Genotypic data from DNA/RNA sequencing, compared with data from databases such as Index Fungorum and MycoBank, aids species identification and synonym verification. Despite its practicality, the polyphasic approach lacks strict guidelines, resulting in varied interpretations.