The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the use of digital health technologies to improve care access and quality of life. The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare introduced a home care program for end-stage renal disease patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), incorporating educational consultations and remote monitoring. This study evaluates the long-term economic effectiveness of this digital health-based home care program. Methods: A Markov model was developed to assess the lifetime cost-effectiveness of the PD home care program. Simulations involved 1,000 patients aged 50 in a PD health state, transitioning annually. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and a cost-utility analysis was performed from a limited societal perspective. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was US$ 32,255 (gross domestic product per capita) per QALY, with a 4.5% discount rate for both QALYs and costs. Outcomes included the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and incremental net monetary benefit, with scenario, sensitivity, and expected value of perfect information (EVPI) analyses addressing uncertainty. Results: The base case analysis yielded an ICER of $4,895 per QALY, well within the WTP threshold. Sensitivity analysis highlighted PD-associated costs as the most critical parameters. Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 iterations) indicated a 79.0% probability of the home care program being optimal. EVPI analysis suggested an additional $2,963 per patient with perfect parameter information. Conclusion: The PD home care program in Korea appears to be a cost-effective strategy, potentially reducing peritonitis incidence and enhancing healthcare efficiency.

Digital health technologies have been rapidly adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In Korea, a home care program, including face-to-face educational consultation and remote patient monitoring, was initiated to improve patients’ quality of life. This study focused on patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis to verify the long-term clinical effectiveness of this home care program. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was designed as a pre–post study to analyze the clinical impact of a home care program for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis in a single tertiary care hospital. A total of 186 patients were selected from June 2017 to May 2022 to identify clinical changes after program implementation by analyzing changes in peritonitis incidence and laboratory test results. Interrupted time series analyses with ordinary least squares linear regression and chi-square tests were used. Results: At baseline, the incidence of peritonitis continuously increased by 0.480 cases per 1,000 patient-months (p = 0.02). After program initiation, the trend significantly decreased by 0.886 cases per 1,000 patient-months (p = 0.02). In addition, the proportion of individuals reaching the clinical target range had increased calcium levels (4.9%p, p = 0.003), stable hemoglobin (1.2%p, p = 0.477), phosphorus (2.8%p, p = 0.09), potassium (–1.6%p, p = 0.22), while parathyroid hormone levels decreased (–6.6%p, p = 0.005). Conclusion: With a reduction in peritonitis incidence and overall improvement in laboratory test results, our study suggests that conducting a home care program for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis is clinically effective.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission levels and undergoing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test and complication screenings among patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We included a total of 3601 diabetes patients’ data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey to analyze the extent of the HbA1c testing and fundus examination, and 3592 diabetes patients’ data to analyze kidney disease screening. COVID-19 transmission levels were classified into low transmission (Busan, Gwangju, Daejeon, Ulsan, and Sejong) and high transmission (Daegu, where the first large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Korea). Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to determine the association of COVID-19 transmission levels with undergoing HbA1c testing and diabetes complication screening. Results: The proportion of subjects who underwent complication screening of diabetes was lower in the high transmission region (low transmission vs. high transmission: 42.3% vs. 38.0% for fundus examination; 48.9% vs. 45.7% for kidney disease screening). A high COVID-19 transmission level was associated with decreased odds of undergoing fundus examination (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.98) and kidney disease screening (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91). However, COVID-19 transmission levels were not significantly associated with undergoing HbA1c testing. Conclusion A high level of COVID-19 transmission was associated with a decrease in undergoing fundus examination and kidney disease screening. To fully realize the potential benefit of diabetes complication screenings, further effort is required to identify and address challenges to obtaining these screenings, especially in outbreak regions.

Background: The importance of digital technology is increasing among older adults. In this study, the digital health technology utilization status, purpose, and satisfaction of older adults were investigated according to frailty. Methods: A face-to-face survey was conducted among adults aged 65 years or older. Frailty was defined using the Korean version of the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight scale. Results: A total of 505 participants completed the survey, with 153 (30.3%) identified as pre-frail or frail and 352 (69.7%) as healthy. All respondents used smartphones; 440 (87.1%) were application users, and 290 (57.4%) were healthcare application users. Wearable devices were used by only 36 patients (7.1%). Pre-frail or frail respondents used social media more frequently than healthy respondents (19.4% vs. 7.4%, P < 0.001). Among the respondents, 319 (63.2%) were not able to install or delete the application themselves, and 277 (54.9%) stated that the application was recommended by their children (or partner). Pre-frail and frail respondents used more healthcare applications to obtain health information (P = 0.002) and were less satisfied with wearable devices (P = 0.02). Conclusion The usage rate of digital devices, including mobile phones among older adults in Korea is high, whereas that of wearable devices is low. There was a notable difference in the services used by pre-frail and frail respondents compared to healthy respondents. Therefore, when developing digital devices for pre-frail and frail older adults, it is crucial to incorporate customized services that meet their unique needs, particularly those services that they frequently use.

Background: Balancing parenting and work life poses challenges for women with children, potentially making them vulnerable to depression owing to their dual responsibilities.Investigating working mothers’ mental health status is important on both the individual and societal levels. This study aimed to explore the relationship between economic activity participation and depressive symptoms among working mothers. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study and used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020. The participants in the study were women aged 19 to 50 who were residing with their children.In the total, 3,151 participants were used in the analysis. The independent variable was economic activity, categorized into two groups: 1) economically active and 2) economically inactive. The dependent variable was the depressive symptoms, categorized as present for a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of ≥ 10 and absent for a score < 10. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between economic activity and depressive symptoms, and sensitivity analyses were performed based on the severity of depressive symptoms. Results: Among women with children, economically active women had reduced odds ratio of depressive symptoms compared with economically inactive women (odds ratio [OR], 0.54;95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36–0.80). In additional analysis, women working as wage earners had the lowest odds of depressive symptoms (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28–0.66). Women working an average of 40 hours or less per week were least likely to have depressive symptoms (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25–0.69). Conclusion Economic activity is significantly associated with depressive symptoms among women with children. Environmental support and policy approaches are needed to ensure that women remain economically active after childbirth.

Purpose: This article aimed to investigate 1) whether electronic cigarette (EC) users are more likely to experience asthma attacks or emergency room (ER) visits due to asthma than non-users and 2) how age and smoking behaviors moderate the effect size of the association. Materials and Methods: We used National Health Interview Survey data from 2016–2019. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the association between current EC use and having an asthma attack and ER visitation due to asthma. Interaction terms were included to explore the moderation effects of age and cigarette smoking status. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to age group. Results: Of the 218911 participants, 2.0% of them experienced an asthma attack, and 0.5% visited the ER due to asthma. Current EC use was associated with higher odds of having an asthma attack. In interaction analysis, age and smoking status were identified as a moderator in the relationship between EC use and asthma attacks. Participants in their 20s or 30s showed the highest interaction effect. Conclusion Our analysis indicates the potential impact of EC use on public health and the moderating effects of smoking behavior.