Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the origins of prostatic arteries (PAs) in the Korean population and compare them with those reported in the literature. Materials and Methods: From April 2018 to February 2024, 108 male (mean age ± standard deviation: 71.6 ± 9.7 years) with lower urinary tract symptoms (n = 102) or refractory hematuria (n = 6) underwent prostatic artery embolization (PAE). Computed tomography and angiography images were retrospectively reviewed. The branching pattern of the internal iliac artery (IIA) was classified according to the Yamaki system. The origin of the PA was categorized using the de Assis definition, and the incidence of each type was recorded. A systematic literature review was conducted and the most common types of PA were investigated. Results: PAE was successfully implemented on 211 of the 216 pelvic sidewalls. PA cannulation failed in five sidewalls due to a steno-occlusive state. The most common IIA type was type A, in which the IIA was divided into the superior gluteal artery and gluteal–pudendal trunk (77%). Of 226 PAs analyzed, including 15 in 211 sidewalls exhibiting dual PAs, the most common PA origin was the internal pudendal artery (type IV, 35%), followed by the superior vesical (type I, 25%) and obturator (type III, 21%) arteries. Anterior division of IIA (type II) was less common (10%). Type V (uncommon origins) occurred in 8% of cases, including five distal internal pudendal arteries, four quadfurcations, three inferior gluteal arteries, three trifurcations, two medial femoral circumflex arteries, and two rectal arteries. Two of the five patients with surgically or endovascularly altered anatomy were successfully treated via PAs originating from the medial femoral circumflex arteries. Globally, type I is the most common PA type. Conclusion In the Korean population, the most common IIA pattern and PA origin were types A and IV, respectively.

Purpose: Optimal treatment for stage IIIA/N2 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is controversial. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of adjuvant pembrolizumab for stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC completely resected after neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). Materials and Methods: In this open-label, single-center, single-arm phase 2 trial, patients with stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC received adjuvant pembrolizumab for up to 2 years after complete resection following neoadjuvant CCRT. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and safety. As an exploratory biomarker analysis, we evaluated the proliferative response of blood CD39+PD-1+CD8+ T cells using fold changes in the percentage of proliferating Ki-67+ cells from days 1 to 7 of cycle 1 (Ki-67D7/D1). Results: Between October 2017 and October 2018, 37 patients were enrolled. Twelve (32%) and three (8%) patients harbored EGFR and ALK alterations, respectively. Of 34 patients with programmed cell death ligand 1 assessment, 21 (62%), nine (26%), and four (12%) had a tumor proportion score of < 1%, 1%-50%, and ≥ 50%, respectively. The median follow-up was 71 months. The median DFS was 22.4 months in the overall population, with a 5-year DFS rate of 29%. The OS rate was 86% at 2 years and 76% at 5 years. Patients with tumor recurrence within 6 months had a significantly lower Ki-67D7/D1 among CD39+PD-1+CD8+ T cells than those without (p=0.036). No new safety signals were identified. Conclusion Adjuvant pembrolizumab may offer durable disease control in a subset of stage IIIA/N2 NSCLC patients after neoadjuvant CCRT and surgery.

Background: An idiopathic outflow tract premature ventricular complex (OT-PVC) is a common arrhythmia, and the accuracy of site of origin prediction using the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) algorithm is not high. There are no studies about a systematic strategy that can provide practical help to electrophysiologists in OT-PVC mapping and ablation. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the proposed ablation protocol and establish an optimal catheter ablation strategy by simultaneously investigating and synthesizing various indicators observed during the mapping procedure. Methods: and designThis study (ABOUT-PVC) was designed as a prospective multicenter study to enroll 210 patients from 11 tertiary university hospitals over an estimated 27 months. Patients with idiopathic OT-PVC requiring catheter ablation will receive the procedure through a proposed ablation strategy and will be followed up for at least 12 months. The primary outcome is the acute procedural success rate. The secondary outcomes are clinical success rate, procedure time, complication rate, symptom relief, and changes in echocardiographic parameters. Conclusions The ABOUT-PVC study was designed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the proposed ablation strategy and establish an optimal catheter ablation strategy. We expect this study to overcome the limitations of the ECG prediction algorithms and provide a practical guide to electrophysiologists, increasing the procedure’s success rate and reducing complications and procedure time.

Objective: To develop a deep-learning-based bone age prediction model optimized for Korean children and adolescents and evaluate its feasibility by comparing it with a Greulich-Pyle-based deep-learning model. Materials and Methods: A convolutional neural network was trained to predict age according to the bone development shown on a hand radiograph (bone age) using 21036 hand radiographs of Korean children and adolescents without known bone development-affecting diseases/conditions obtained between 1998 and 2019 (median age [interquartile range {IQR}], 9 [7–12] years; male:female, 11794:9242) and their chronological ages as labels (Korean model). We constructed 2 separate external datasets consisting of Korean children and adolescents with healthy bone development (Institution 1: n = 343;median age [IQR], 10 [4–15] years; male: female, 183:160; Institution 2: n = 321; median age [IQR], 9 [5–14] years; male:female, 164:157) to test the model performance. The mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and proportions of bone age predictions within 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of the reference age (chronological age) were compared between the Korean model and a commercial model (VUNO Med-BoneAge version 1.1; VUNO) trained with Greulich-Pyle-based age as the label (GP-based model). Results: Compared with the GP-based model, the Korean model showed a lower RMSE (11.2 vs. 13.8 months; P = 0.004) and MAE (8.2 vs. 10.5 months; P = 0.002), a higher proportion of bone age predictions within 18 months of chronological age (88.3% vs. 82.2%; P = 0.031) for Institution 1, and a lower MAE (9.5 vs. 11.0 months; P = 0.022) and higher proportion of bone age predictions within 6 months (44.5% vs. 36.4%; P = 0.044) for Institution 2. Conclusion The Korean model trained using the chronological ages of Korean children and adolescents without known bone development-affecting diseases/conditions as labels performed better in bone age assessment than the GP-based model in the Korean pediatric population. Further validation is required to confirm its accuracy.

Purpose: There are clinical unmet needs in predicting therapeutic response and precise strategy for the patient with advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC). We aimed to identify genomic alterations predicting therapeutic response and resistance to gemcitabine and cisplatin (Gem/Cis)-based chemotherapy in advanced BTC. Materials and Methods: Genomic analysis of advanced BTC multi-institutional cohorts was performed using targeted panel sequencing. Genomic alterations were analyzed integrating patients’ clinicopathologic data, including clinical outcomes of Gem/Cis-based therapy. Significance of genetic alterations was validated using clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) cohorts from public repositories and drug sensitivity data from cancer cell lines. Results: 193 BTC patients from three cancer centers were analyzed. Most frequent genomic alterations were TP53 (55.5%), KRAS (22.8%), ARID1A (10.4%) alterations, and ERBB2 amplification (9.8%). Among 177 patients with BTC receiving Gem/Cis-based chemotherapy, ARID1A alteration was the only independent predictive molecular marker of primary resistance showing disease progression for 1st-line chemotherapy in the multivariate regression model (odds ratio, 3.12; p=0.046). In addition, ARID1A alteration was significantly correlated with inferior progression-free survival on Gem/Cis-based chemotherapy in the overall patient population (p=0.033) and in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) (p=0.041). External validation using public repository NGS revealed that ARID1A mutation was a significant predictor for poor survival in BTC patients. Investigation of multi-OMICs drug sensitivity data from cancer cell lines revealed that cisplatin-resistance was exclusively observed in ARID1A mutant bile duct cancer cells. Conclusion Integrative analysis with genomic alterations and clinical outcomes of the first-line Gem/Cis-based chemotherapy in advanced BTC revealed that patients with ARID1Aalterations showed a significant worse clinical outcome, especially in extrahepatic CCA. Well-designed prospective studies are mandatory to validate the predictive role of ARID1Amutation.