Objective To explore the effect of Evodiamine (Evo) on the immune function of allergic rhinitis (AR) rats and the regulatory mechanism on C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/ C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway. Methods The related targets of Evo-AR-immune function were screened by network pharmacology, and the protein interaction network diagram of intersecting targets was constructed. The AR rat model was established by ovalbumin (OVA) combined with aluminium hydroxide, and the rats were divided into six groups: a normal control (NC) group, a model group, a Loratadine (LOR) group, an Evodiamine low dose (Evo-L) group, a Evodiamine high dose (Evo-H) groups, and an Evo-H combined with CCL2 group. After the last administration, the symptoms of rats in each group were scored; ELISA was applied to detect the levels of histamine, immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13 and interferon γ (IFN-γ); Diff-Quick staining solution was applied to detecte the number of cells in the nasal lavage fluid (NALF); hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was applied to observe the pathological changes of nasal mucosa tissue; real-time quantitative PCR was applied to detect the levels of CCL2 and CCR2 mRNA in tissue; Western blot was applied to detect the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2 and CXC motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) proteins in nasal mucosa. Results There were eight intersection targets of EVo-AR-immune function, and protein interaction network diagram showed that CXCL8 was the core target. Compared with the NC group, the score of nasal symptoms, the levels of histamine, IgE, IL-4 and IL-13, the numbers of eosinophil, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and total cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CCL2 and CCR2, and the expression of CXCL8 protein in the model group were increased, while the level of IFN-γ was decreased. Compared with the model group, the score of nasal symptoms, the levels of histamine, IgE, IL-4 and IL-13, the numbers of eosinophil, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and total cells, the mRNA and protein expression levels of CCL2 and CCR2, and the expression of CXCL8 protein in LOR and Evo groups were decreased, while the level of IFN-γ was increased. Further use of CCL2 recombinant protein for compensatory experiments revealed that the improvement effect of Evo on immune function in AR rats was reversed by CCL2. Conclusion Evo can improve the immune function of AR rats, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway.
Animals ; Receptors, CCR2/immunology* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Chemokine CCL2/immunology* ; Rats ; Rhinitis, Allergic/metabolism* ; Immunoglobulin E/blood* ; Quinazolines/pharmacology* ; Male ; Interferon-gamma ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Interleukin-13 ; Histamine ; Interleukin-4/immunology* ; Disease Models, Animal

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and safety of inhaled salbutamol sulfate combined with beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of pediatric bronchial asthma. METHODS: A total of 106 children with bronchial asthma treated from December 2022 to November 2023 were randomly assigned to a control group (n=53) and a treatment group (n=53). The control group received conventional symptomatic management plus salbutamol sulfate, while the treatment group received additional inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate. The symptom relief time, asthma control status, complete blood count parameters, interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels, infection incidence, and adverse event rate were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the treatment group had shorter times to symptom relief and complete symptom resolution (P<0.05). After 7 days of therapy, the treatment group showed higher asthma control score, IFN-γ level, and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio than the control group (P<0.05), and lower neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, eosinophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, IL-4 level, infection incidence, and overall adverse event rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Inhaled salbutamol sulfate combined with beclomethasone dipropionate improves clinical efficacy, promotes T helper 1/T helper 2 immune balance, optimizes multiple hematologic indices, and demonstrates good safety in children with bronchial asthma.
Humans ; Beclomethasone/adverse effects* ; Asthma/immunology* ; Albuterol/adverse effects* ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Administration, Inhalation ; Child, Preschool ; Interleukin-4/blood* ; Interferon-gamma/blood* ; Adolescent ; Drug Therapy, Combination

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression and clinical significance of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: A total of 76 MM patients treated in the Tengzhou Central People's Hospital from May 2021 to May 2023 were collected as MM group, and 48 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination during the same period were included as control group. The expression of PD-1 on the surface of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and the levels of serum Th1 cytokines ［interleukin (IL) -2, interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)］, Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) and Th17 cytokines (IL-17) were detected in the two groups. Spearman correlation was used to examine the relationship between PD-1, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines and clinical stage and immune typing of MM patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the related factors affecting the efficacy of chemotherapy in MM patients, and the factors were tested for multicollinearity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the predictive value of PD-1, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines in chemotherapy efficacy of MM patients. RESULTS: The levels of CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in the MM group were higher than those in the control group, while the levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were lower (all P <0.001). The levels of CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in R-ISS stage III patients were higher than those in stage II and I patients, and the levels in stage II patients were higher than those in stage I patients (all P <0.05). The IL-2 level in R-ISS stage III patients was lower than that in stage II and I patients, and IL-2 level in R-ISS stage II patients was lower than that in stage I patients (all P <0.05). The levels of CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in IgG patients were higher than those in IgA, light chain, and non secretory patients, while the level of IL-2 was lower (all P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed that CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were positively correlated with R-ISS staging in MM patients (r =0.623, 0.635, 0.728, 0.330, 0.742, 0.412), and negatively correlated with immune classification (r =-0.664, -0.756, -0.642, -0.479, -0.613, -0.323). IL-2 was negatively correlated with R-ISS staging in MM patients (r =-0.280), and positively correlated with immune classification (r =0.483). The levels of CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 in the non-remission group were higher than those in the remission group, while the level of IL-2 was lower (all P <0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increased CD4⁺T PD-1, CD8⁺T PD-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17 were risk factors for the efficacy of chemotherapy in MM patients (OR >1, P <0.05), while the increased IL-2 was a protective factor (OR < 1, P <0.05). The results of multicollinearity test showed that the tolerance of the seven factors included was between 0.714-0.885, and the variance inflation factor was between 1.130-1.400. There was no multicollinearity. The ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve for the combined prediction of chemotherapy efficacy in MM patients by the above 7 factors was 0.942, with specificity of 0.741 and sensitivity of 0.909. CONCLUSION The expression levels of PD-1 on the surface of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and serum Th2 and Th17 cytokines in MM patients are high, while Th1 cytokines are low. PD-1, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines are related to clinical stage and immune classification of MM patients. The combined detection of these indicators can help predict the chemotherapy efficacy of MM patients.
Humans ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism* ; Multiple Myeloma/blood* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Th17 Cells/metabolism* ; Th1 Cells/metabolism* ; Th2 Cells/metabolism* ; Female ; Male ; Interleukin-10 ; Interferon-gamma ; Middle Aged ; Interleukin-17 ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukin-4 ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Interleukin-6 ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in the elderly. METHODS: In this study, elderly patients with atopic dermatitis treated with dupilumab for at least 16 weeks in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2021 to October 2023 were retrospectively collected. Clinical indicators were compared before, during and after treatment, including pruritus numerical rating score (PNRS), eczema area and severity index (EASI), dermatology life quality index (DLQI) score, and the incidence of adverse events was recorded. The expression of interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in peripheral blood were compared before treatment and after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 90 elder patients with atopic dermatitis were included, EASI, PNRS and DLQI scores all showed a gradual downward trend during the treatment period, which was manifested as a rapid decline in the first 4 weeks after starting treatment, and then the decline gradually leveled off. The results of point-to-point comparison showed that EASI, PNRS and DLQI scores in 4 weeks after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.001); In the 16th week after treatment, the scores of the above therapeutic indicators were further reduced, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the 4th week (P < 0.01); The EASI score was significantly lower at each time point than the previous time point, indicating that the patients' skin lesions continued to improve significantly. The overall efficacy of dupliumab was evaluated. After 4 weeks of treatment, 62.89% of patients achieved EASI-50 (EASI score decreased by ≥50%), and 74.4% of patients' DLQI score decreased by ≥4 points. After 16 weeks of treatment, 57.8% of the patients achieved EASI-75, 32.2% achieved EASI-90, and the PNRS and DLQI scores of all the patients decreased by ≥4 points. After 16 weeks of treatment, the expression levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were (31.62±6.23) ng/L and (14.36±2.25) ng/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.001), and the expression level of IFN-γ was (15.37±3.14) ng/L, which was higher than before treatment (P < 0.001).The main adverse reactions were conjunctivitis (2 cases), injection site reaction (3 cases) and multiple bacterial folliculitis of the back (2 cases), which could be alleviated by symptomatic treatment, and no serious adverse reactions occurred. CONCLUSION Dupilumab has shown good efficacy in the treatment of elderly atopic dermatitis, which can effectively improve clinical symptoms such as itching and skin lesions, improve the quality of life of patients, and no serious adverse reactions occurred during treatment, so it is safe and worthy of clinical promotion.
Humans ; Dermatitis, Atopic/blood* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects* ; Aged ; Male ; Female ; Interleukin-4/blood* ; Retrospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Interferon-gamma/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Severity of Illness Index

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic effects of inulin-type oligosaccharides of Morinda officinalis (IOMO) in a murine model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis (SPM) and explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 120 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into Sham, SPM+Saline, SPM+IOMO (25 mg/kg), and SPM+IOMO (50 mg/kg) groups. After modeling, the mice received daily gavage of saline or IOMO at the indicated doses for 7 consecutive days, and the changes in symptom scores and mortality of the mice were monitored. Brain pathology and neuronal injury of the mice were assessed using HE and Nissl staining, and qRT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of the mice were evaluated by measuring brain water content and Evans blue (EB) staining; Western blotting was used to analyze the expressions of BBB-associated proteins, and flow cytometry was employed to detect IFN‑γ expression level in the infiltrating lymphocytes. Open-field test (OFT) and novel object recognition test (NORT) were conducted to assess learning and memory ability of the mice on day 21 after modeling. RESULTS: IOMO treatment at 50 mg/kg significantly reduced the symptom scores and mortality rate of SPM mice, alleviated brain damage, and downregulated mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF‑α, IL-1β, IL-18, IFN‑γ, iNOS, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and GSDMD in the brain tissue. IOMO treatment also decreased brain water content and EB leakage, upregulated VE-cadherin and occludin expressions, and suppressed AQP4, iNOS, and IFN‑γ levels of the mice. IOMO-treated mice exhibited improved learning and memory compared with the saline-treated mice on day 21 after SPM modeling. CONCLUSIONS IOMO alleviates SPM symptoms, reduces mortality, and mitigates cognitive deficits in mice possibly by suppressing cerebral inflammation and protecting BBB functions.
Animals ; Morinda/chemistry* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mice ; Meningitis, Pneumococcal/drug therapy* ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism* ; Inulin/therapeutic use* ; Oligosaccharides/therapeutic use* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism* ; Brain Edema

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effect of acupuncture and the potential effect mechanism in patients with premature ovarian failure. METHODS: A total of 104 patients with premature ovarian failure were randomized into an acupuncture group and a western medication group, 52 cases in each one. In the western medication group, the conjugated estrogens tablets were prescribed for oral administration, 0.625 mg each time, once a day, consecutively for 21 days. On the 16th day of medication with conjugated estrogens tablets, the oral administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets were supplemented, 10 mg each time, once a day, consecutively for 5 days, and then, these two kinds of western medication were discontinued for 1 week. A total of 3 cycles were required in treatment with 28 days as an artificial cycle. In the acupuncture group, acupuncture was applied. Two groups of acupoints were selected. The first group of acupoints were stimulated before ovulation and the acupoints were Guanyuan (CV 4), Guilai (ST 29), Taichong (LR 3), Taixi (KI 3), Xuehai (SP 10), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Zigong (EX-CA 1), Yinlingquan (SP 9), Zusanli (ST 36), Shuidao (ST 28), Dahe (KI 12) and Tianshu (ST 25). The second group of acupoints were stimulated after ovulation and the acupoints included Ciliao (BL 32), Shiqizhui (EX-B 8), Ganshu (BL 18), Shenshu (BL 23), Geshu (BL 17) and Pishu (BL 20). The therapeutic effect was observed and compared in the patients between the two groups, as well as the expressions of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicule stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E) before and after treatment. RESULTS: The total effective rate was 90.4% (47/52) in the acupuncture group, higher than 67.3% (35/62) in the western medication group (<0.05). After treatment, the expressions of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the acupuncture group were obviously lower than the western medication group (<0.05). Except for serum LH after treatment, at the end of treatment and in 30 days and 90 days after treatment, the levels of serum E in the acupuncture group were higher obviously than the western medication group and the levels of serum LH and FSH were lower obviously than the western medication group (all <0.05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture promotes the regular menstruation, effectively regulates the levels of serum LH, FSH and E and improves the pituitary gland and the ovary endocrine in the patients with premature ovarian failure. Such effect may be related to the the improvements in the expressions of IFN-γ and TNF-α, the inhibition of the apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells, the recovery of ovarian function and the enhancement of reserve capacity.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency ; blood ; therapy ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of leukodepleted blood transfusions on peripheral blood Th1/Th2 cell balance in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

METHODSFifty-seven ALL patients in our hospital from March 2016 to August 2017 were selected, 31 of them received routine blood transfusion were enrolled in group A, and 26 patients received depleted-blood leukotransfusion were enrolled in group B, 36 cases in normal physical examination at the same period were enrolled in control group. And the basic clinical characteristics of patients were recorded; the ratio of Th1/Th2 cells in peripheral blood of patients was analyzed by flow cytometry;the serum levels of IL-2, IFN-&gamma;, IL-4, IL-10 were detected by ELISA method; the mRNA levels of T-bet and GATA-3 in lymphocytes were detected by RT-PCR;the protein levels of T-bet and GATA-3 in lymphocyte were detected by Western blot.

RESULTSThe Th1/Th2 ratio in peripheral blood of ALL patients significantly related with patient age and risk grade (P<0.05).After treatment,the change of Th1/Th2 ratio in group A showed no statistical difference from Th1/Th2 ratio before treatment (P>0.05), while the Th1/Th2 ratio in group B increased (P<0.05);the levels of IL-2, IFN-&gamma;, IL-4 and IL-10 secreted from Th1 and Th2 cells of ALL patients in A group were not changed significantly(P>0.05), while the levels of IL-2 and IFN-&gamma; secreted from Th1 cells of ALL patients in group B increased, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 secreted from Th2 cells in group B decreased with statistical difference (P<0.05); the RT-PCR and Western blot showed that the expression levels of T-bet mRNA and T-bet protein in group A were lower than those in control group, while the expression levels of T-bet mRNA and T-bet protein in group B were higher than those in group A (P<0.05); the expression levels of mRNA and GATA-3 protein in group A were higher than those in control group, the expression levels of mRNA and GATA-3 protein in group B were lower than those in group A (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe leukoreduced blood transfusion helps to improve the balance of Th1/Th2 cells in peripheral blood and improve the immune function of patients, which may closely relate with the expression levels of T-bet and GATA-3.

Blood Transfusion ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-4 ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Th1 Cells ; Th2 Cells

Indoor animal husbandry environments are inevitably contaminated with endotoxins. Endotoxin exposure is associated with various inflammatory illnesses in animals. This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between the degree of endotoxin exposure and the cellular and humoral immune profiles of fattening pigs. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 47 pigs from ten pig farms in Korea. Whole blood cell counts and plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) classes were determined. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A for 48 h, and cytokines released into culture supernatants were measured. The barns in which the pigs lived were assessed for endotoxin levels in the total and respirable dust by using the limulus amebocyte lysate kinetic QCL method. Low and high endotoxin exposures were defined as ≤ 30 and > 30 EU/m³, respectively. Compared to pigs with low endotoxin exposure (n = 19), highly exposed pigs (n = 28) had higher circulating neutrophil and lymphocyte (particularly B cells) counts, IgG and IgE levels, interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-4 productions, and lower IgA levels and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production. The IL-4, IFNγ, and TNFα levels significantly correlated with endotoxin level and/or pig age. Constant exposure of pigs to high levels of airborne endotoxins can lead to aberrant immune profiles.
Agriculture ; Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Blood Cell Count ; Concanavalin A ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytokines ; Dust ; Endotoxins ; Horseshoe Crabs ; Housing ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-4 ; Interleukins ; Jugular Veins ; Korea ; Lymphocytes ; Methods ; Neutrophils ; Plasma ; Swine ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of recombinant fusion protein interleukin (IL)-18 on the expression of immune-inflammatory factors in the mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and to investigate the mechanism of action of IL-18 in defense of SA infection in vivo.

METHODSA total of 40 specific pathogen-free female BLAB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, SA infection, immunized, and intervention. A mouse model of SA infection was established by nasal inoculation with SA liquid. The immunized group and the intervention group were intranasally given IL-18 before SA modeling, and then the SA infection group and the intervention group received the nasal inoculation with SA liquid; the control group was treated with phosphate buffered saline instead. The levels of IL-4, interferon (IFN)-&gamma;, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), IgM in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α mRNA and MIP-2β mRNA in the lung tissue of mice were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the SA infection group and the immunized group had significantly higher levels of IL-4, G-CSF, and IgM in the serum and BALF and expression of MIP-1α mRNA and MIP-2β mRNA in the lung tissue (P<0.05); the SA infection group had a significantly lower level of IFN-&gamma; and a significantly higher level of TNF in the serum and BALF (P<0.05); the immunized group had a significantly higher level of IFN-&gamma; in the serum and BALF (P<0.05). Compared with the SA infection group, the intervention group had significantly higher levels of IL-4, IFN-&gamma;, G-CSF, and IgM in the serum and BALF and expression of MIP-1α mRNA in the lung tissue. In contrast, the intervention group showed a significantly lower level of TNF in the serum and BALF and expression of MIP-2β mRNA in the lung tissue (P<0.05). All the above indicators in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), except the serum level of IFN-&gamma;.

CONCLUSIONSIn the mice infected with SA, the recombinant fusion protein IL-18 by mucosal immunity can affect inflammatory factors in the serum and BALF and the expression of MIP-1α mRNA and MIP-2β mRNA in the lung tissue to promote the anti-infective immune response and enhance the ability to clear pathogens.

Animals ; Chemokine CCL3 ; analysis ; Female ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; blood ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-18 ; therapeutic use ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Staphylococcal Infections ; drug therapy ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo assess the association of IFNG gene polymorphisms with preeclampsia among pregnant woman from Shaanxi Province.

METHODSGenomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples collected from 280 patients with preeclampsia and 344 healthy pregnant women. Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IFNG gene (rs2069705, rs2430561, rs1861493, rs2069718, and rs2193050) were genotyped with a SNaPshot method. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were evaluated with a Chi square test. Genotype data was corrected by Logistic regression for body mass index and age. The level of IFN-gamma was determined with an ELISA assay.

RESULTSThe distribution of five tag SNPs all conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P> 0.05). Significant association with preeclampsia was found with the T allele of rs2430561 (OR=1.54, 95% CI:1.15-2.09, P=6.99× 10), under a dominant model (OR=3.77, 95% CI: 1.09-13.29, P=0.029) and a recessive model (OR=1.53, 95% CI:1.09-2.15, P=0.018). For the patient group, the IFN-gamma level of those with a TT genotype for rs2430561 was significantly higher than those with an AA or AT genotype [(13.69± 0.79) pg/mL vs. (13.11± 1.56) pg/mL, P< 0.05].

CONCLUSIONPolymorphism of the rs2430561 locus of the IFNG gene is associated with increased risk for preeclampsia as well as serum level of IFN-gamma among pregnant woman from Shaanxi. The role of the IFNG gene in the regulation of preeclampsia requires further investigation.

Adult ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; genetics ; Logistic Models ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Pre-Eclampsia ; etiology ; genetics ; Pregnancy