Purpose: To compare the hematologic response to ropeginterferon alfa-2b versus available therapies in patients with hydroxyurea-resistant or intolerant polycythemia vera (HU-R/I PV) using propensity-matched real-world data. Methods: This retrospective propensity-matched cohort study compared a single-arm clinical trial cohort with a historical control cohort from five Korean institutions. We included 36 HU-R/I patients from a prospective phase II trial (PV IIT, registration number KCT0006138) and 81 matched historical controls. Propensity score matching and weighted analyses balanced the baseline characteristics (age, sex, disease duration, hematologic parameters, and HU status).The primary endpoint was a complete hematologic response (CHR) at 48 weeks. Results: At 48 weeks, ropeginterferon alfa-2b achieved significantly higher CHR rates (52%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 35–70%) than historical controls (15%; 95% CI: 8–27%; odds ratio 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07–0.33; p < 0.0001). This superiority remained consistent across various matching ratios and weighted analyses. Subgroup analyses showed higher response rates to ropeginterferon alfa-2b, regardless of HU status (resistant vs. intolerant), age (< 60 vs. ≥ 60 years), or disease duration (< 5 vs. ≥ 5 years). In the control group, the most common regimen was a combination of HU and phlebotomy (53%) with limited use of ruxolitinib (5.5%). Analyses confirmed robustness with no significant baseline imbalances after matching. Conclusion Ropeginterferon alfa-2b demonstrated superior early hematologic efficacy compared with conventional salvage therapies in Korean patients with HU-R/I PV. Extended follow-up is warranted to assess the long-term clinical benefits.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the recruiting of T lymphocytes including IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and α4β7 integrin tagged T cells to inflamed intestinal mucosa. Methods: Whole blood and mucosal tissues of intestine were collected from 40 children with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). T cell surface staining and immunohistochemistry were done with several antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: The frequency of IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ EM CD8+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly higher in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (57.9±17.80% vs. 33.9±15.70%, p=0.021). The frequency of integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (53.2±27.6% vs. 63.9±13.2%, p=0.022). Serum concentration of TNF-α was higher in the Crohn’s disease group than in the control group (26.13±5.01 pg/mL vs. 19.65±6.07 pg/mL, p=0.008). Of the three groups, the ulcerative colitis group had the highest frequency of integrin α4β7+ T cells based on immunohistochemistry analyses for intestinal tissues, followed by the Crohn’s disease group and the control group (4.63±1.29 cells vs. 2.0±0.57 cells vs. 0.84±0.52 cells, p<0.001). Conclusion Trafficking immune cells with effector memory CD8+ T cells clarified by IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ and integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells might be highly associated with the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24–14.77)×106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42–17.59)×107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48–20.01)×105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95–110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components.However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the recruiting of T lymphocytes including IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and α4β7 integrin tagged T cells to inflamed intestinal mucosa. Methods: Whole blood and mucosal tissues of intestine were collected from 40 children with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). T cell surface staining and immunohistochemistry were done with several antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: The frequency of IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ EM CD8+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly higher in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (57.9±17.80% vs. 33.9±15.70%, p=0.021). The frequency of integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (53.2±27.6% vs. 63.9±13.2%, p=0.022). Serum concentration of TNF-α was higher in the Crohn’s disease group than in the control group (26.13±5.01 pg/mL vs. 19.65±6.07 pg/mL, p=0.008). Of the three groups, the ulcerative colitis group had the highest frequency of integrin α4β7+ T cells based on immunohistochemistry analyses for intestinal tissues, followed by the Crohn’s disease group and the control group (4.63±1.29 cells vs. 2.0±0.57 cells vs. 0.84±0.52 cells, p<0.001). Conclusion Trafficking immune cells with effector memory CD8+ T cells clarified by IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ and integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells might be highly associated with the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24–14.77)×106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42–17.59)×107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48–20.01)×105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95–110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components.However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the recruiting of T lymphocytes including IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and α4β7 integrin tagged T cells to inflamed intestinal mucosa. Methods: Whole blood and mucosal tissues of intestine were collected from 40 children with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). T cell surface staining and immunohistochemistry were done with several antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: The frequency of IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ EM CD8+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly higher in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (57.9±17.80% vs. 33.9±15.70%, p=0.021). The frequency of integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (53.2±27.6% vs. 63.9±13.2%, p=0.022). Serum concentration of TNF-α was higher in the Crohn’s disease group than in the control group (26.13±5.01 pg/mL vs. 19.65±6.07 pg/mL, p=0.008). Of the three groups, the ulcerative colitis group had the highest frequency of integrin α4β7+ T cells based on immunohistochemistry analyses for intestinal tissues, followed by the Crohn’s disease group and the control group (4.63±1.29 cells vs. 2.0±0.57 cells vs. 0.84±0.52 cells, p<0.001). Conclusion Trafficking immune cells with effector memory CD8+ T cells clarified by IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ and integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells might be highly associated with the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24–14.77)×106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42–17.59)×107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48–20.01)×105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95–110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components.However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the recruiting of T lymphocytes including IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and α4β7 integrin tagged T cells to inflamed intestinal mucosa. Methods: Whole blood and mucosal tissues of intestine were collected from 40 children with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). T cell surface staining and immunohistochemistry were done with several antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: The frequency of IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ EM CD8+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly higher in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (57.9±17.80% vs. 33.9±15.70%, p=0.021). The frequency of integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (53.2±27.6% vs. 63.9±13.2%, p=0.022). Serum concentration of TNF-α was higher in the Crohn’s disease group than in the control group (26.13±5.01 pg/mL vs. 19.65±6.07 pg/mL, p=0.008). Of the three groups, the ulcerative colitis group had the highest frequency of integrin α4β7+ T cells based on immunohistochemistry analyses for intestinal tissues, followed by the Crohn’s disease group and the control group (4.63±1.29 cells vs. 2.0±0.57 cells vs. 0.84±0.52 cells, p<0.001). Conclusion Trafficking immune cells with effector memory CD8+ T cells clarified by IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ and integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells might be highly associated with the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

Purpose: Human breast milk (HBM) contains immune components that produced and delivered from the mother along with nutrients necessary for the baby. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a small noncoding RNA molecule, that is used as an ideal biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and are more abundant in HBM. We analyzed and compared the immune components and miRNAs of HBM. Methods: HBM were collected from 20 healthy breastfeeding mothers. We measured the amount of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) and extracted the miRNAs from each breast milk samples. Next, the top 5 and bottom 5 expressed miRNAs were compared and analyzed based on the amounts of the 3 immune components. Results: The mean levels and ranges of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA were 6.33 (2.24–14.77)×106 ng/mL, 9.90 (1.42–17.59)×107 pg/mL, and 6.64 (0.48–20.01)×105 ng/mL, respectively. The miRNAs concentration per 1 mL of skim milk was 40.54 (14.95–110.01) ng/μL. Comparing the bottom 5 and top 5 groups of each immune component, 19 miRNAs were significantly upregulated (6, 9, and 4 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively) and 21 were significantly downregulated (4, 9, and 8 targeting lactoferrin, lysozyme, and IgA, respectively). There were no miRNAs that were expressed significantly higher or lower in common to all 3 components.However, 2 and 3 miRNAs were commonly overexpressed and underexpressed, in the top 5 groups of lysozyme and IgA concentrations. Conclusion We identified the immune components and miRNAs in breast milk and found that each individual has different ingredients.

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the recruiting of T lymphocytes including IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells and α4β7 integrin tagged T cells to inflamed intestinal mucosa. Methods: Whole blood and mucosal tissues of intestine were collected from 40 children with or without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). T cell surface staining and immunohistochemistry were done with several antibodies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and intestinal mucosa, respectively. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. Results: The frequency of IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ EM CD8+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly higher in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (57.9±17.80% vs. 33.9±15.70%, p=0.021). The frequency of integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells in the PBMC was significantly lower in the ulcerative colitis group than in the control group (53.2±27.6% vs. 63.9±13.2%, p=0.022). Serum concentration of TNF-α was higher in the Crohn’s disease group than in the control group (26.13±5.01 pg/mL vs. 19.65±6.07 pg/mL, p=0.008). Of the three groups, the ulcerative colitis group had the highest frequency of integrin α4β7+ T cells based on immunohistochemistry analyses for intestinal tissues, followed by the Crohn’s disease group and the control group (4.63±1.29 cells vs. 2.0±0.57 cells vs. 0.84±0.52 cells, p<0.001). Conclusion Trafficking immune cells with effector memory CD8+ T cells clarified by IL-7Rαlow CX3CR1+ and integrin α4β7+ CD4+ T cells might be highly associated with the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.