Humans ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/therapy* ; Infant, Newborn ; Perioperative Care/standards* ; Consensus ; Balloon Valvuloplasty/methods* ; Pulmonary Valve/surgery*

Isolated male epispadias typically presents with preputial defects and dorsal urethral dehiscence. A less common subtype, known as concealed epispadias, is distinguished by an intact prepuce. Despite its clinical relevance, there is limited literature on this variant. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 86 pediatric patients with isolated male epispadias treated in Beijing Children's Hospital (Beijing, China) from May 2004 to July 2023, including 19 cases of concealed epispadias and 67 of nonconcealed epispadias. We compared clinical characteristics, preoperative diagnostics, surgical techniques, postoperative outcomes, and sexual function during follow-up between the concealed and nonconcealed groups. No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding surgical methods, postoperative complications, or rates of urinary incontinence. However, notable distinctions were found in the age at initial diagnosis, timing of surgery, frequency of incontinence, location of the urethral meatus, and postoperative urinary incontinence scores (all P < 0.05). Given the absence of penopubic epispadias in concealed cases, we categorized glans and penile epispadias within nonconcealed epispadias as distal epispadias ( n = 40) and subsequently compared them with concealed epispadias cases. The postoperative urinary incontinence scores did not differ significantly between the concealed and distal epispadias groups. These findings suggest that concealed epispadias represents a relatively milder form of the condition, characterized by the absence of penopubic involvement, lower rates of urinary incontinence, and favorable surgical outcomes. However, the intact prepuce in concealed cases underscores the need for careful identification and early diagnosis.
Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Epispadias/classification* ; China ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Postoperative Complications/epidemiology* ; Urinary Incontinence/epidemiology* ; Urethra/surgery* ; Infant ; Penis/surgery* ; Adolescent ; Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male/methods* ; East Asian People

The intelligent oxygen management system is a software designed with various algorithms to automatically titrate inhaled oxygen concentration according to specific patterns. This system can be integrated into various ventilator devices and used during assisted ventilation processes, aiming to maintain the patient's blood oxygen saturation within a target range. This paper employs a scoping review methodology, focusing on research related to intelligent oxygen management systems in neonatal intensive care units. It reviews the fundamental principles, application platforms, and clinical outcomes of these systems, providing a theoretical basis for clinical implementation.
Humans ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Infant, Newborn ; Oxygen/administration & dosage* ; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/methods* ; Respiration, Artificial

OBJECTIVES: Prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation is associated with increased risks of severe complications such as retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow the principle of early extubation, extubation failure rates remain high, and reintubation may further increase the risk of adverse outcomes. This study aims to identify risk factors and short-term prognosis associated with first extubation failure in neonates, to provide evidence for effective clinical intervention strategies. METHODS: Clinical data of neonates who received invasive ventilation in the NICU of Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, were retrospectively collected. Neonates were divided into a successful extubation group and a failed extubation group based on whether reintubation occurred within 72 hours after the first extubation. Risk factors and short-term outcomes related to extubation failure were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 337 infants were included, with 218 males (64.69%). Initial extubation failed in 34 (10.09%) infants. Compared with the successful extubation group, the failed extubation group had significantly lower gestational age [(31.37±5.14) weeks vs (34.44±4.07) weeks], age [2.5 (1.00, 8.25) h vs 5 (1.00, 22.00) h], birth weight [(1 818.97±1128.80) g vs (2 432.18±928.94) g], 1-minute Apgar score (6.91±1.90 vs 7.68±2.03), and the proportion of using mask oxygenation after extubation (21% vs 46%) (all P<0.05). Conversely, compared with the successful extubation group, the failed extubation group had significantly higher rates of vaginal delivery (59% vs 32%), caffeine use during mechanical ventilation (71% vs 38%), dexamethasone use at extubation (44% vs 17%), the highest positive end-expiratory pressure level within 72 hours post-extubation [6(5.00, 6.00) cmH₂O vs 5 (0.00, 6.00) cmH₂O] (1 cmH₂O=0.098 kPa), the highest FiO₂ within 72 hours post-extubation [(34.35±5.95)% vs (30.22±3.58)%], and duration of noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation after extubation [0.5 (0.00, 42.00) hours vs 0 (0, 0) hours] (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified gestational age <28 weeks (OR=5.570, 95% CI 1.866 to 16.430), age at NICU admission (OR=0.959, 95% CI 0.918 to 0.989), and a maximum FiO₂≥35% within 72 hours post-extubation (OR=4.541, 95% CI 1.849 to 10.980) as independent risk factors for extubation failure (all P<0.05). Additionally, the failed extubation group exhibited significantly higher incidences of necrotizing enterocolitis grade II or above, moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, treatment abandonment due to poor prognosis, and discharge on home oxygen therapy (all P<0.05). Total hospital length of stay and total hospitalization costs were also significantly increased in the failed extubation group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Gestational age <28 weeks, younger age at NICU admission, and FiO₂≥35% after extubation are high-risk factors for first extubation failure in neonates. Extubation failure markedly increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Female ; Airway Extubation/adverse effects* ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Respiration, Artificial/methods* ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Prognosis ; Gestational Age ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; Infant, Premature ; Treatment Failure ; Intubation, Intratracheal

BACKGROUND: The fetal growth charts in widest use in China were published by Hadlock >35 years ago and were established on data from several hundred of American pregnant women. After that, >100 fetal growth charts were published around the world. We attempted to assess the impact of applying the long-standing Hadlock charts and other charts in a Chinese population and to compare their ability to predict newborn small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS: For this retrospective observational study, we reviewed all pregnant women ( n  = 106,455) who booked prenatal care with ultrasound measurements for fetal biometry at the Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between 2012 and 2019. A fractional polynomial regression model was applied to generate Shenzhen fetal growth chart ranges for head circumference (HC), biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The differences between Shenzhen charts and published charts were quantified by calculating the Z -score. The impact of applying these published charts was quantified by calculating the proportions of fetuses with biometric measurements below the 3rd centile of these charts. The sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of published charts to predict neonatal SGA (birthweight <10th centile) were assessed. RESULTS: Following selection, 169,980 scans of fetal biometry contributed by 41,032 pregnancies with reliable gestational age were analyzed. When using Hadlock references (<3rd centile), the proportions of small heads and short femurs were as high as 8.9% and 6.6% in late gestation, respectively. The INTERGROWTH-21st standards matched those of our observed curves better than other charts, in particular for fat-free biometry (HC and FL). When using AC<10th centile, all of these references were poor at predicting neonatal SGA. CONCLUSIONS Applying long-standing Hadlock references could misclassify a large proportion of fetuses as SGA. INTERGROWTH-21st standard appears to be a safe option in China. For fat-based biometry, AC, a reference based on the Chinese population is needed. In addition, when applying published charts, particular care should be taken due to the discrepancy of measurement methods.
Infant, Newborn ; Child ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Humans ; Growth Charts ; Prenatal Care ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal/methods* ; Fetal Development ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Gestational Age ; Fetus ; China ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Observational Studies as Topic

Neonatal seizures are the most common clinical manifestations of critically ill neonates and often suggest serious diseases and complicated etiologies. The precise diagnosis of this disease can optimize the use of anti-seizure medication, reduce hospital costs, and improve the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Currently, a few artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment systems have been developed for neonatal seizures, but there is still a lack of high-level evidence for the diagnosis and treatment value in the real world. Based on an artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment systems that has been developed for neonatal seizures, this study plans to recruit 370 neonates at a high risk of seizures from 6 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in China, in order to evaluate the effect of the system on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neonatal seizures in neonates with different gestational ages in the NICU. In this study, a diagnostic study protocol is used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the system, and a randomized parallel-controlled trial is designed to evaluate the effect of the system on the treatment and prognosis of neonates at a high risk of seizures. This multicenter prospective study will provide high-level evidence for the clinical application of artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment systems for neonatal seizures in the real world.
Artificial Intelligence ; Electroencephalography/methods* ; Epilepsy/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases/diagnosis* ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Prospective Studies ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Seizures/drug therapy*

Infantile colic is a common self-limiting condition that causes significant distress to parents and caregivers. There is no clear cause, gold standard remedy or preventative action. The role of the family physician is to rule out sinister causes while providing counselling and reassurance for parents. The mainstay of management is parental support and reassurance while looking out for red flags in the baby such as fever, lethargy, distended abdomen and failure to thrive. This article provides a framework to approaching infantile colic and practical pointers to share with parents.
Caregivers ; Colic ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Crying ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Muscle Hypertonia ; diagnosis ; Parenting ; Parents ; Pediatrics ; methods ; Physicians, Family ; Primary Health Care ; methods ; Professional-Patient Relations

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to determine the usefulness and validity of the triaging scale used in our emergency department (ED) by analysing its association with surrogate clinical outcome measures of severity consisting of hospitalisation rate, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of ED stay, predictive value for admission and length of hospitalisation.

METHODSA retrospective observational study was conducted of the performance markers of the Singapore Paediatric Triage Scale (SPTS) to identify children who needed immediate and greater care. All children triaged and attended to at the paediatric ED at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2014 were included. Data was retrieved from the Online Paediatric Emergency Care system, which is used for patients' care from initial triaging to final disposition.

RESULTSAmong 172,933 ED attendances, acuity levels 1, 2 plus, 2 and 3 were seen in 2.3%, 26.4%, 13.5% and 57.8% of patients, respectively. For admissions, triage acuity level 1 had a strong positive predictive value (79.5%), while triage acuity level 3 had a strong negative predictive value (93.7%). Fewer patients with triage acuity level 3 (6.3%) were admitted as compared to those with triage acuity level 1 (79.5%) (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between triage level and length of ED stay.

CONCLUSIONThe SPTS is a valid tool for use in the paediatric emergency setting. This was supported by strong performance in important patient outcomes, such as admission to hospital, ICU admissions and length of ED stay.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Critical Care ; statistics & numerical data ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals, Pediatric ; Humans ; Infant ; Intensive Care Units ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Patient Admission ; Pediatrics ; methods ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; Time Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; Triage ; methods

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries, which is prevalent in Singapore preschoolers, is a disease that has a major impact on children's health and places a high cost on the society and health services. Oral health programmes for young children implemented in some parts of the world have been shown to be effective in the prevention of dental caries. We aimed to examine the clinical efficacy of a two-year oral health programme for infants and toddlers in Singapore. METHODS: 90 children and their caregivers participated in the programme, and 64 children, who were 24 months older than the intervention group at the initial visit, were recruited as controls in a quasi-experimental study design. We evaluated the presence of severe early childhood caries (SECC) and dmfs in the control group at the initial visit and in the intervention group after the completion of the two-year programme. RESULTS: Some children in the intervention (7.8%) and control (31.3%) groups (p < 0.001) had SECC (difference 23.5%, 95% confidence interval 11%-36%). A higher percentage of children in the intervention group had dmfs = 0 and habits associated with low risk for caries. The odds of SECC in the control group were three times higher than that for the intervention group, and the effect was significant (p = 0.037) after adjustment for other significant risk factors. CONCLUSION The preventive oral health programme in Singapore was successful in reducing SECC among infants and toddlers when targeted behaviour modifications were implemented.
Caregivers ; Child, Preschool ; Dental Caries ; prevention & control ; Dentistry ; methods ; Female ; Health Care Costs ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Oral Health ; Pediatrics ; Program Evaluation ; Regression Analysis ; Research Design ; Risk Factors ; Singapore

Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; therapy ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; methods ; Patient Outcome Assessment ; Risk Factors