Objective: To investigate the effects of the pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 on nerve injury in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH). Methods: Seventy-two SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=24): Sham group, ICH group and MCC950 group. ICH group and MCC950 group rats were injected with autogenous non-anticoagulant blood to establish ICH model, and then the rats in MCC950 group were intraperitoneally injected with MCC950 at the dose of 10 mg/kg(2 mg/ml) for 3 days after ICH model was established. Seventy-two hours after the establishment of the model, the forelimb placement test, the corner test and mNSS score were performed to observe the neurological function of the rats with ICH. The volume of hematoma was observed in fresh brain tissue sections. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of brain tissue. The dry-wet weight ratio was calculated to evaluate the changes of brain tissue edema. The degeneration of neurons was observed by FJC staining. The neuronal apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. The protein expression and activation levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18 and GSDMD were determined by Western blot. Results: Compared with sham group, the percentage of successful placement of left forelimb and left turn was decreased significantly (P＜0.01, P＜0.05), mNSS score was increased significantly (P＜0.01) in ICH group. Hematoma volume was increased significantly, the number of microglial cells around the hematoma was increased, the number of neurons was decreased, nerve cell swelled, some cells showed pyknotic necrosis, and the staining was deepened. The water content of the right base was increased significantly (P＜0.05). The number of FJC positive and TUNEL positive cells around the hematoma was increased significantly (P＜0.05). The levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1/pro-caspase-1 ratio, GSDMD-N, GSDMD, GSDMD-N/GSDMD ratio, IL-1β and IL-18 were increased significantly (P＜0.01, P＜ 0.05). Compared with ICH group, the percentage of successful placement of left forelimb and left turn was increased significantly in MCC950 group (P＜0.05), while the mNSS score and the volume of hematoma were decreased significantly (P＜0.01), the swelling degree of nerve cells around the hematoma was reduced significantly, and the number of pyrotic necrotic cells was decreased. The water content of the right base was decreased significantly (P＜0.05), and the number of FJC positive and TUNEL positive cells around the hematoma was decreased significantly (P＜0.05). The levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1/pro-caspase-1 ratio, GSDMD-N, GSDMD, GSDMD-N/GSDMD ratio, IL-1β and IL-18 were decreased significantly (P＜0.05). Conclusion: MCC950 can ameliorate nerve injury after ICH by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome mediated inflammation and pyroptosis.
Animals ; Caspase 1/metabolism* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/pathology* ; Furans ; Hematoma ; Indenes ; Inflammasomes/metabolism* ; Interleukin-18 ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfonamides ; Water

If we analogize any external physical force applied to victims of crimes involving violence, it would be possible to not only presume the mutual action between victims and suspects but also deduce more facts related to the cases. Therefore, in this study, defining the phenomenon of amino acid compounds in sweat spreading into clothes as impact marks, experiments using ninhydrin, 1,8-dizafluoren-9-one (DFO), 1,2-indanedione-zinc (1,2-IND-Zn) were conducted to determine developmental variations through change over time, which was not performed in previous studies. A 5-week period was set up including first damage as a variation factor, and materials in each action were developed using certain reagents. The level of specimen development depending on the change over time was identified. Thus, no changes were observed at each initial level of development.
Amino Acids* ; Clothing* ; Crime ; Indicators and Reagents* ; Ninhydrin ; Sweat ; Violence ; Weapons*

BACKGROUNDTwo recent whole-exome sequencing researches identifying somatic mutations in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) gene in pituitary corticotroph adenomas provide exciting advances in this field. These mutations drive increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and promote adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production. This study was to investigate whether the inhibition of USP8 activity could be a strategy for the treatment of Cushing's disease (CD).

METHODSThe anticancer effect of USP8 inhibitor was determined by testing cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, and ACTH secretion. The immunoblotting and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were conducted to explore the signaling pathway by USP8 inhibition.

RESULTSInhibition of USP8-induced degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, EGFR-2 (ERBB2), and Met leading to a suppression of AtT20 cell growth and ACTH secretion. Moreover, treatment with USP8 inhibitor markedly induced AtT20 cells apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONSInhibition of USP8 activity could be an effective strategy for CD. It might provide a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of CD.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; physiology ; Endopeptidases ; metabolism ; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Indenes ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Pyrazines ; pharmacology ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; metabolism ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; metabolism

Brazilein is reported to have immunosuppressive effect on cardiovascular and cerebral-vascular diseases. The essential roles of innate immunity in cerebral ischemia are increasingly identified, but no studies concerning the influence of brazilein on the innate immunity receptors have been reported. The present study was designed to investigate the regulation of NOD2 (Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2) by brazilein for its protection of neuron in cerebral ischemia in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro. The results showed that brazilein could reverse the elevated expression of NOD2 and TNFα (tumor necrosis factor alpha) elicited by cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. This reduction could also be detected in normal mice and C17.2 cells, indicating that this suppressive effect of brazilein was correlated with NOD2. The results from GFP reporter plasmid assay suggested brazilein inhibited NOD2 gene transcription. In conclusion, brazilein could attenuate NOD2 and TNFα expression in cerebral ischemia and NOD2 may be one possible target of brazilein for its immune suppressive effect in neuro-inflammation.
Animals ; Benzopyrans ; administration & dosage ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Humans ; Indenes ; administration & dosage ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Neurons ; drug effects ; immunology ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; genetics ; immunology

Brazilein is an active small molecular compound extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L. with favorable pharmacological properties on immune system, cardiovascular system, and nervous system. C. sappan has been used as a traditional medicine in China for hundreds of years for various diseases. However, the general reproductive toxicity of brazilein is still unknown. The purpose of the present study was to thoroughly evaluate the general reproductive toxicity of brazilein in ICR mice to support the future drug development and modernization of this potent traditional Chinese medicine. The results showed that, although no apparent toxicity on the reproducibility of the male was observed, brazilein might cause considerable risks to the fetuses and females as indicated by the ratios of dead fetuses and reabsorptions. In conclusion, our results from the present study provided some useful insights about the safety profile of brazilein, suggesting that brazilein should be used with caution in pregnant women.
Animals ; Benzopyrans ; toxicity ; Caesalpinia ; toxicity ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; toxicity ; Female ; Indenes ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Pregnancy ; Reproduction ; drug effects

PURPOSE: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and statins are potential chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanism underlying the deregulation of survivin by NSAIDs and statins in human non-small cell lung cancer cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the synergistic interaction of sulindac and simvastatin in lung cancer A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability was measured by an MTT assay, while the expression of apoptotic markers, AKT, and survivin in response to sulindac and simvastatin was examined by Western blotting. DNA fragmentation by apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry in A549 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured by flow cytometry using H2DCFDA and MitoSOX Red, and the effects of pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine were tested. The effects of AKT on survivin expression in sulindac- and simvastatin-treated cells were assessed. Survivin was knocked down or overexpressed to determine its role in apoptosis induced by sulindac and simvastatin. RESULTS: Sulindac and simvastatin synergistically augmented apoptotic activity and intracellular ROS production in A549 cells. Inhibition of AKT by siRNA or LY294002 inhibited survivin, while AKT overexpression markedly increased survivin expression, even in the presence of sulindac and simvastatin. Moreover, survivin siRNA enhanced sulindac- and simvastatininduced apoptosis. In contrast, survivin upregulation protected against sulindac- and simvastatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Combined treatment with sulindac and simvastatin augmented their apoptotic potential in lung cancer cells through AKT signaling-dependent downregulation of survivin. These results indicate that sulindac and simvastatin may be clinically promising therapies for the prevention of lung cancer.
Acetylcysteine ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Cell Survival ; DNA Fragmentation ; Down-Regulation* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Oncogene Protein v-akt ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Simvastatin* ; Sulindac* ; Up-Regulation

A series of [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]isoindolone derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases (AChE). Furthermore, their effects on memory impairment of mice induced by scopolamine were investigated with step-through test. The results suggested that most of the target compounds exhibited potential inhibition on AChE with IC50 values at micromolar range. Compounds I1 (IC50 value of 0.086 μmol · L(-1)) and I2 (IC50 value of 0.080 μmol · L(-1)) showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activity, which are equipotent to donepezil (IC50 value of 0.094 μmol · L(-1)). Moreover, compounds I1-I4 could improve the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice.
Animals ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Dioxoles ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Drug Design ; Indans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Isoindoles ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Memory Disorders ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Piperidines ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide

We investigated the effects of indacaterol on cough and phlegm in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We performed a meta-analysis with five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of indacaterol in stable COPD patients. The symptom severity was defined using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). We analyzed patients treated with 150 microg (n = 945) and 300 microg (n = 832) out of 3,325 patients who completed the SGRQ from five RCTs. After a 12-week treatment of 150 microg indacaterol, cough improvement was reported in 36.5% (316/866) of patients treated with indacaterol vs. 32.2% (259/804) patients treated with placebo (Relative Ratio [RR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.29). Phlegm improvement was reported in 31.0% (247/798) of patients treated with indacaterol vs. 30.6% (225/736) of patients treated with placebo (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.87-1.18). Dyspnea improvement was reported in 39.5% (324/820) of patients treated with indacaterol vs. 31.5% (237/753) patients treated with placebo (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.03-1.71; P = 0.001, I2 = 55.1%). Only dyspnea improvement was significant compared to placebo even at the 300 microg indacaterol dose. Compared to placebo, a 12-week treatment of the long-acting beta-agonist, indacaterol might not have a significant effect on cough or phlegm in stable COPD.
Administration, Inhalation ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Bronchodilator Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cough/*drug therapy ; Dyspnea/*drug therapy ; Forced Expiratory Volume/drug effects ; Humans ; Indans/*therapeutic use ; Placebos/administration & dosage ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/*drug therapy ; Quinolones/*therapeutic use ; Sputum/*drug effects ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of Kaixin Powder (, KXP) on melatonin receptor (MR) expression and (125)I-Mel binding affinity in a depression rat model.

METHODSSeventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: a blank control group, model group, ramelteon group, KXP high-dosage group (HKXP), medium-dosage group (MKXP) and low-dosage group (LKXP). To establish the depression model, all groups except the blank control group were singly housed and exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Weight gain, sucrose consumption and the open-field test were used to evaluate induction of depression. KXP at 260, 130 and 65 mg/(kg•d) was also respectively administered to the rats in the HKXP, MKXP and LKXP groups for 21 days. Ramelteon [0.83 mg/(kg•d)] was given to the positive drug control group. An equivalent volume of physiological saline was given to the blank and model groups. The liquid chip method was used to measure the concentration of plasma melatonin (MT). Mel1a (MT1) and Mel1b (MT2) expression levels were determined by Western blotting. In addition, a radioactive ligand-binding assay was used to analyze the specific binding properties and dynamic characteristics between MR and (125)I-Mel.

RESULTSThe results of weight gain, sucrose consumption and the open-field test showed that our model successfully produced depressive symptoms and depressive-like behavior. The concentration of plasma MT in the model group decreased significantly at night but increased in the MKXP group (P<0.05). The HKXP group showed significantly increased expression of MT1 (P<0.05); however, the expression of MT2 in all groups exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). The maximum binding capacity (B(max)) for specific binding between MR and 125I-Mel in the MKXP group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05), but no significant differences were found in the equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) of each group (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSKXP may have a similar effect as ramelteon. KXP improved depressive-like behavior by increasing the concentration of plasma MT and MT1 expression, thereby increasing three B(max) of MR to achieve the desired antidepressant effect.

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Depression ; blood ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drinking Behavior ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Indenes ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Male ; Melatonin ; blood ; metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Melatonin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Weight Gain ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo test the effect of sulindac on autistic behaviors in a rat model and explore the possible mechanisms.

METHODSAutistic rat models were established by a single intraperitoneal injection of sodium valproate (VPA) at 12.5 days of pregnancy. The pregnant rats were treated with oral sulindac at a daily dose of 80 mg/kg until weaning of the newborn rats (23 days after being born), which were divided into control, VPA treatment, sulindac treatment, and VPA+ sulindac treatment groups. The social interaction and neuroethology of the newborn rats were evaluated at 35 days, and the levels of β-catenin and phosphorylated Gsk3β in the brain tissues were investigated by Western blotting.

RESULTSCompared with the control rats, the rats treated with VPA showed lower social interaction, longer moving time in central area, and reduced standing times. Treatment with sulindac alone resulted in no obvious changes in the social interaction or neuroethology of the newborn rats, but sulindac treatment corrected VPA-induced autistic-like behaviors. Sulindac also attenuated VPA-triggered p-Gsk3β downregulation and β-catenin upregulation in the prefrontal lobe, seahorse and cerebellum.

CONCLUSIONSulindac can improve the behaviors of autistic rats possibly by suppressing Wnt signaling pathway.

Animals ; Autistic Disorder ; drug therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Sulindac ; pharmacology ; Up-Regulation ; Valproic Acid ; Wnt Signaling Pathway ; beta Catenin ; metabolism