Objective: To explain process of developing basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines, based on frequently observable clinical manifestations, thereby supporting competencybased veterinary education in Korea. Methods: A structured review of learning outcomes established by Korean Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (KAVMC) was conducted by a planning committee including veterinary educators, practitioners, and advisory members. Owner-oriented descriptions were used to frame each performance task, and each was mapped to corresponding learning outcomes. These tasks were aligned with learning outcomes recommended by the KAVMC to support the development of communication, clinical reasoning, and performance-related competencies among veterinary students, thereby enhancing day-one clinical readiness. Results: In total, 63 clinical manifestations for a guidebook format that can be used for clinical education were identified and categorized by organ systems that are described in language understandable to animal owners. Conclusions and Relevance: The basic veterinary clinical performance guidelines based on common clinical manifestations would serve as a vital component in veterinary education to reinforce core graduation competencies.

To investigate a specific mechanism of apoptosis induced by sonication, we applied 20 kHz ultrasound to leukemia cell line HL-60 with different intensities (0-60 W/cm2) and time durations (0-100 sec). In accordance with previous reports, ultrasound treatment in HL-60 cells induced immediate cell death and delayed cell death which are associated with cell lysis and apoptosis, respectively. Delayed cell death of HL-60 was also detected 5 hours after sonication in our experiment. Detection of caspase activation by Western blot and sub-G1 accumulation by flow cytometry confirmed that apoptosis plays a role in delayed cell death induced by sonication in HL-60 cells. In addition, we found that decrease in lysosomes of HL-60 cells after sonication suggesting lysosomal rupture is involved in the mechanism of cell death induced by sonication.
Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Flow Cytometry ; HL-60 Cells* ; Humans ; Leukemia ; Lysosomes ; Rupture ; Sonication* ; Ultrasonic Therapy ; Ultrasonography

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is a routinely used adjunct to thoracoabdominal aortic surgery which may reduce the incidence of preoperative paraplegia by improving spinal cord perfusion. However, this procedure infrequently causes complications. Bloody or bloody-tinged CSF may be associated with intracranial or spinal hematoma. We present herein a case of bloody CSF during the replacement of the descending thoracic aorta.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Drainage ; Hematoma ; Incidence ; Paraplegia ; Perfusion ; Spinal Cord

BACKGROUND: Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is increasingly used to reduce stress response, pain and pulmonary complication of patients under coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). However, effects of TEA on blood flow of grafted coronary artery are scarcely noticed. Imbalance between blood flow of grafted coronary artery and myocardial oxygen demand can bring about perioperative myocardial ischemia. Thus we evaluated the effect of TEA on blood flow of coronary grafts. METHODS: Twenty seven patients with triple-vessel coronary artery disease under CABG were recruited. Left internal mammary artery, radial artery, and great saphenous vein were anastomosed to left anterior descending artery, obtuse marginalis, and posterior descending artery, respectively. Before surgery, an epidural catheter was inserted. Total intravenous anesthesia was undertaken using fentanyl, midazolam and vecuronium. After grafts anastomosis, blood flow of grafted coronary artery was measured using transit-time flowmeter (TTFM) before weaning from CPB. And then, mixture of 2% lidocaine 10 ml, fentanyl 50microgram and bicarbonate 1 mEq was injected via epidural catheter. Under the constant pump flow, the blood flow of grafted coronary artery before, 10 and 20 minutes after drug administration were measured using TTFM. RESULTS: The blood flow of coronary artery grafts was similar in three time interval, irrespective of grafted artery. There are no significant differences in changes in coronary blood flow associated with epidural lidocaine injection among 3 types of grafted artery. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that there are no significant effects of TEA on blood flow of newly grafted coronary artery after CABG.
Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, Intravenous ; Arteries* ; Catheters ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Fentanyl ; Flowmeters ; Humans ; Lidocaine* ; Mammary Arteries ; Midazolam ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Oxygen ; Radial Artery ; Saphenous Vein ; Tea ; Transplants* ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Weaning